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Memory T Cells PDF

223 Pages·2010·2.891 MB·English
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Memory T Cells ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research JOHN D. LAMBRIS, University of Pennsylvania RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 676 POLYPLOIDIZATION AND CANCER Edited by Randy Y.C. Poon Volume 677 PROTEINS: MEMBRANE BINDING AND PORE FORMATION Edited by Gregor Anderluh and Jeremy Lakey Volume 678 CHEMO FOG: CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT Edited by Robert B. Raffa and Ronald J. Tallarida Volume 679 MIPS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EXCHANGE OF METALLOIDS Edited by Thomas P. Jahn and Gerd P. Bienert Volume 680 ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Edited by Hamid R. Arabnia Volume 681 MELANOCORTINS: MULTIPLE ACTIONS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL Edited by Anna Catania Volume 682 MUSCLE BIOPHYSICS: FROM MOLECULES TO CELLS Edited by Dilson E. Rassier Volume 683 INSECT NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS Edited by Steeve Hervé Thany Volume 684 MEMORY T CELLS Edited by Maurizio Zanetti and Stephen P. Schoenberger A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Memory T Cells Edited by Maurizio Zanetti, MD The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Stephen P. Schoenberger, PhD Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Landes Bioscience Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Landes Bioscience Copyright ©2010 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani- cal, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:18)(cid:14)(cid:13)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:14)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:4) being entered and executed on a computer system; for exclusive use by the Purchaser of the work. Printed in the USA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013, USA http://www.springer.com Please address all inquiries to the publishers: Landes Bioscience, 1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas 78701, USA Phone: 512/ 637 6050; FAX: 512/ 637 6079 http://www.landesbioscience.com The chapters in this book are available in the Madame Curie Bioscience Database. http://www.landesbioscience.com/curie Memory T Cells, edited by Maurizio Zanetti and Stephen P. Schoenberger. Landes Bioscience / Springer Science+Business Media, LLC dual imprint / Springer series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. ISBN: 978-1-4419-6450-2 (cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:13)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:27)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:22)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:18)(cid:13)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:18)(cid:14)(cid:13)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:4) usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommend ations and practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material described in this book. In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Memory T cells / edited by Maurizio Zanetti and Stephen P. Schoenberger. p. ; cm. -- (Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 684) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4419-6450-2 1. Immunologic memory. 2. T cells. I. Zanetti, M. (Maurizio) II. Schoenberger, Stephen P. III. Series: Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 684. [DNLM: 1. T-Lymphocytes--immunology. 2. Autoimmunity. 3. Immunity, Cellular. 4. Immunologic Memory. W1 AD559 v.684 2010 / QW 568 M5336 2010] QR185.35.M46 2010 616.07’9--dc22 2010014175 DEDICATION In memory of Nerita Zanetti (October 5, 2009). v PREFACE Immunological memory has fascinated microbiologists and immunologists for decades as one of the new frontiers to conquer to better understand the response to pathogens, cancer and vaccination. Over the past decade, attention has turned to the intrinsic properties of the memory T cells themselves, as it has become clear that the eradication of both infected cells and tumors requires T cells. This book is an attempt to capture the wave of discoveries associated with these recent studies. Its chapters represent a wide collection of topics related to memory T cells by labora- tories that have invested their skills and knowledge to understand the biology and the principles upon which memory T cells are generated, maintained and expanded upon re-encounter with antigen. Ultimately, these studies are all aimed at a better understanding of the function of memory T cells in protection against disease. Little is still known about the transcriptional events regulating the emergence of memory T cells. Chapter 1 discusses the role of Schnurri-2, which plays a critical role in cell growth, signal transduction and lymphocyte development, in the generation of memory CD4 T cells. Nakayama and Kimura point out that Schnurri-2 mediates repression of NF-(cid:2)B hence enabling cell survival during the critical time of memory cell generation. In Chapter 2, Rocha and colleagues focus on how transcriptional regulation in memory CD8 T-cell responses allows them to more efficiently respond to antigen stimulation by modifying their cell cycle machinery in order to divide faster, improving DNA repair and enacting other cell survival mechanisms. The role of cytokines, novel costimulatory molecules and other signals coming from the microenvironment in the generation and maintenance of memory T cells is discussed in Chapters 3-5. In Chapter 3, Sprent and colleagues discuss the importance of IL-2 signaling during the contraction phase in memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. At the time where most antigen-specific CD8 T cells disappear by apoptosis, IL-2 sig- nals rescue CD8 T cells from cell death and provide a durable increase in cell counts. This work shows that IL-2 signals during different phases of an immune response are key in optimizing CD8 T-cell functions, affecting both primary and secondary responses. Chapter 4 sees Butler and Harty discussing the role of inflammation in the generation and maintenance of memory T cells showing that these two phases are influenced by a multitude of factors, including inflammatory cytokines that can vii viii Preface act on T cells during their differentiation, actually shaping the quantity and quality of memory T cells, and the rate at which functional memory populations develop. Chapter 5 points to a critical role of OX40 (CD134) in T-cell memory generation. Weinberg argues that enhancing OX40 signaling during antigen priming using OX40 agonists increases memory T-cell development. He also discusses the therapeutic potential of OX40 agonists and antagonists in human clinical trials. Chapters 6-9 discuss the generation and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells during acute or chronic viral infection, in the context of the efficiency of recall re- sponses and protection. In Chapter 6, Marzo, Sowell, and Scott seek to establish a correlation between precursor frequency and the differentiation of memory T cells following acute viral infection. In Chapter 7, Ahmed and colleagues discuss the parameters that influence memory CD8 T-cell generation and maintenance in the context of acute vs. chronic viral infection. They also discuss new surprising findings linking mTOR function with the generation of memory T cells. In the same vein Walker and Sifka in Chapter 8 examine the longevity of memory CD8 T cells after acute viral infection by a variety of methods. Their goal is to identify the optimal combination of functional characteristics required for protective immunity against the infectious disease. In Chapter 9, Zanetti and colleagues review the available information to formulate a set of principles to guide the generation of more effec- tive vaccines that elicit protective memory T cells. The working principles for the generation of protective memory T cells by vaccination are discussed both in the context of the immunologically-inexperienced and immunologically-experienced individual. In Chapter 10, Vaccari and Franchini present and discuss data on the induction of memory T-cell responses in non-human primates, and argue that these experimental models yield information that more closely matches the events that take place in humans with respect to induction and maintenance of memory T cells. Colpitts and Scott in Chapter 11 examine a few experimental models used to elucidate the nature of the memory T cells that are generated during parasitic infections, and suggest that long-term immunity induced by vaccination is a realistic goal to control parasitic infections. Chapters 12-15 review what is currently known about the role of memory T cells in cancer and provide hints about monitoring memory T-cells responses after vac- cination. In Chapter 12, Alderson and Murphy discuss how memory T-cell responses generated by vaccination are impacted upon by concomitant immune stimulation by adjuvants of novel formulation or cytokines. The authors also discuss whether initial tumor regression and generation of sustained anti-tumor immunity have dif- ferent immunological signaling requirements. Chapter 13 summarizes a survey in colorectal cancer patients correlating the presence of memory T cells infiltrating tumors in humans and clinical outcome. Camus and Galon provide evidence that a strong and coordinated in situ T-cell response, with accumulation of memory T cells within primary tumors, dramatically reduces the risks of relapse. This highly significant correlation between the quality of the in situ immune response, tumor dissemination, and clinical outcome suggests that attempts to vaccinate cancer patients may ultimately Preface ix succeed if the effect documented in the natural evolution of colorectal cancer can be generalized to other forms of cancer. Chapter 14 presents a state-of-the-art review by Marincola and colleagues of current methods to monitor T-cell immune responses to vaccination in cancer patients. Ex vivo assays to evaluate tumor-specific T-cell responses at the immunological and transcriptional level have demonstrated tumor recognition and T-cell activation, implying that tumor-specific T-cell induction indeed occurs in vivo. However, at the present time these assays alone are not adequate to predict tumor regression. Finally, in Chapter 15, Henson and Akbar discuss a crucial issue in the biology of memory T cells: memory T-cell homeostasis and senescence during aging. The authors argue that because life expectancy has dramatically increased and continues to increase, memory T cells will also have to span over longer times. Our current understanding is that T-cell memory wanes during aging as evidenced by the suscep- tibility of old individuals to infection by organisms to which they were previously immune. They show that this loss of memory T cells originates from antigen-driven differentiation and exhaustion, and telomere erosion. The field of study of memory T cells is relatively young and the unknowns are still numerous, but the intellectual and medical rewards promised by a better under- standing of the biology of memory T-cell generation, differentiation and maintenance, are formidable not only to understand the immunodynamics of natural adaptive T-cell responses but also for the induction of protective T-cell responses by vaccination. The compendium of topics assembled in this book and the ideas discussed in it represent our initial effort to lay the foundation for a comprehensive view of the field and its future potential. The scientific facts and premises presented here constitute, in our view, the seeds from which new work will originate hopefully increasing our knowledge and ultimately having an impact on our fight against many human diseases. We thank Ronald G. Landes for having encouraged us to undertake this project. Maurizio Zanetti, MD The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Stephen P. Schoenberger, PhD Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA ABOUT THE EDITORS... MAURIZIO ZANETTI, MD, is a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and a member of the Moores UCSD Cancer Center. He is the Director of the Immunology laboratory at the Moores UCSD Cancer Center as well as of the Graduate Course in Immunology at UCSD. His main interests include the generation and maintenance of memory T cells with protective value against disease. These responses are studied with respect to cancer and influenza virus infection. His work in humans is devoted to to the immunology of telomerase reverse transcriptase, a prototype universal cancer antigen. He served in the program Committee of the American Society of Immunology, and as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Immunology and Cellular Immunology. He is a member of the American Association of Immunologists and American Society for Clinical Investigation. Dr. Zanetti received his MD from the University of Padova, Italy. xi

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.