Table Of Content

ul/ Beginning to Early Intermediate 쫓쫓뜸핀1 m""，‘싫Y빼 * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2! * Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points! 뼈 DARAKWON L - Preface 4 How to Use This Book 6 • Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure ........... “ . .. ’ ‘’ ... 14 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives “ ‘ ” ‘ .15 3. Connecting Sentences ............. ‘ . .. .. . 16 4. Sentence Types‘ 17 5. Honorific Expressions ............................. 20 • Getting Ready 생 이다 (to be) 핑 있다 (to exist/be. to have) 헝 Numbers 생 Dates and Days of the Week. 명 Time Unit 1. Tenses 헝 Present T ense A/써스) 닙 니다 G Present Tense A/V-아/어요 휠 Past Tense A/V-았/었어요 - ‘ 26 ‘ .28 .. 31 37 39 42 45 49 헝 Future Tense V-(으)2 거예요 (1), ." 52 헝 Progressive Tense V-고 있다 (1) " ,, 54 링 Past Perfect Tense A/V-았/었었어요 56 Unit 2. Negative Expressions 생 Word Negation 60 용 안 A/V-아/어요 (A/V-지 않아요) .. 62 생 못 V-아/어요 (V-지 못해요) 65 Unit 3. Particles 행 N이/가 G N은/는 - 헝 N을/를 ~ N와/과. N(O I)랑.N하고 명 N으| 링 N에 @ 68 . 71 74 ... "." .... " 76 .. 78 , 81 G N에 ~ """ ，，， "" ......... .. "" ... .. . , .,, 83 렁 N에서 ..................... ‘ 86 핑 N에서 N까지.N부터 N까지 89 렐 N에게/한테 ...... " .......... . , 91 탱 N도 ‘ 93 휠 N만 - 97 탱 N밖에 . ,, 99 탱 N(으)로 ." , " .. """.".".",,,.,,,,,,,,. 102 휠 N(이)나 (1) .. " "".""." "", .. "", """. 105 웹 N( O I)나 @ ‘’“‘ .... ‘ . 107 f!Þ N쯤 ."""."""."" ........... " .. " ... " '" 110 렐 N처럼 . N같이 ’ , 112 휠 N보다 114 링 N마다 116 Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 생 A/V-고 .... … ..... " ............................ 120 G V-거나 ..... " ...... , ...... , ...... ", ...... " ..... , .. 123 휠 A/V-지만 .... " ..... ""."."" ...... " ... "" 125 ~ A/V-(으) L /는데 (1) .......... " ........... "".127 Unit 5. Time Expressions 생 N 전에 . v-기 전에 ...... "" .. "" ... "" .... 130 GN 후에 . V-(으)L 후에 " " "" ............. 133 헝 V-고 나서 ............................................ 136 ~ V-oν어서 ................................. " ...... 139 헝 N 때. A/V꺼으)2 UH ..... : ........ " .... " ..... 142 웰 v-(의면서 ................... 145 G N 중. V-는 중 ................ ..... ..... 148 렁 v-자마자 151 휠 N 동안. V-는 동안 ............. 153 렐 v-(으)L 지” ‘ • 157 Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 생 v-(으) 큰 수 있다/없다 ... , ..... … .... 160 핑 v-(으)근 줄 알다/모르다 ‘ . .. . ’ ...... . .. 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 생 V-(의세요 핑 v-지마세요 휠 A/V-Oν어야 되다/하다 . 헝 A/v-Oν어도 되다 . 166 169 171 174 명 A/V-(의면 안 되다 . 176 헝 A/V-지 않아도 도Ict(안 A/V-Oν어도 도|대 Unit 8. Expressions of Hope 탱 v-고싶다 휠 A/V-았/었으면 좋겠다 Unit 9. Reasons and Causes 헝 A/V-아/어서 (6) .... 헝 A/V-(으)니까 @ 휠 N 때문에. A/V-기 때문에 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting .. 179 182 184 .. 188 191 193 생 v-Ou어 주세요. v-oν어 주시겠어요? 198 핑 v-Ou어 줄게요. v-아/어 줄까요? ... 201 -- -- -- - - --- - ‘ ----- --- -- ---- ‘ - - - - --- - - ----- - --- -- ---- ’ - --- -------- ---- Unit 11. Trying New Things and Experiences 휠 v-아/어보다 용 V-(으)L 적이 있다/없다 Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 생 V-(으) 2까앞 @ G V-(으)2 까앞 @ 휠 V-(으)닙시다 204 207 . 210 212 ‘ 214 헝 v-(의시겠어요? ................... … ...... 217 명 v-(으)2 래요? CD 219 Unit 13. Intentions and Plans 헝 A/V-겠어요 @ ’ ‘ 222 휠 v-(으)2 게요 ......... 225 G V-(으)래요 @ .. 228 Unit 14. Background Information and Explanations 휠 A/V-(으)L/는데 @ 232 헝 v-(으)니까 (6) .... ... ......... ..... . ..... 235 Unit 15. Purpose and Intention 힘 v-(으)러 가다/오다 . 238 훨 v-(의려고 ....... 240 헝 v-(으)려고 하다 ’ 243 웰 N을/를 위해(세. V-기 위해(세 - 245 헝 v-71로 하다 ................................ 248 Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions 행 A/V-(의면 행 V-(의려면 휠 A/V-O배도 252 255 .. ‘ 257 Unit 17. Conjecture 힘 A/V-겠어요 @ ~ A/V-(으)2 거예요@ 헝 A/V-(으) 큰까요? @ ~ A/V-(으)L/는/(으)2 것 같다 260 262 265 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech fþ 관형형 -(으)L/-는/-(으)근 N ~ A/V-기 휠 A-게 ~ A-아/어하다 Unit 19. Expressions of State 생 V-고있다 @ 핑 V-oν어 있다 생 A-아/어지다 ~ V-게되다 Unit 20. Confirming Information 생 A/V-(으)L/는지 용 V-는 데 걸리다/들다 휠 A/V-지요? Unit 21. Discovery and Surprise 생 A/V-군요/는군요 ~ A/V-네요 Unit 22. Additional Endings 생 A-(으)L 가요? v-나요? 용 A/V-(으)L/는데요 Unit 23. Quotations 생 Direct Qu이ations ~ Indirect Quotations ‘ i휠 Ð In뼈 nc 때 1C띠d띠 1 272 275 278 281 284 287 290 293 296 299 301 304 306 310 312 316 319 322 Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations 생 ‘- ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 휠 ‘ E ’ 불규칙 (1때비ar C。미ugation) 휠 ‘ 님 ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) @ ‘ I ’ 불규칙 (Irreg미ar Co미ugation) 326 329 332 335 q헝흩 ‘르르르’ 불붉규칙젠 (Irπ때 r언때 e밍gu 비뻐뻐」기 Jlar 녕베 ar Co 떼 on 떼 n메매 1Jψ씨 jμμugat 밍@때 g명얘떼 at 찌tionαm 빼 oαm 삐 n미 1) . 3원 3연 7 i링굉 ‘녕응’ 불규칙 (1“ Irπr때 e멍gu l 뻐뻐」기빠 |녀바 ar Co。αm 띠 njL 뻐lÍL ψjLμu뼈 j G ‘、A’ 불규칙 (1“ Ir연때g야여미뻐 lar Co。미ugation) . 342 • Appendix Good Things to Know .346 Answer Key 354 • Grammar Explanations in Korean 360 • Grammar Index . 375 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions 1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb)." 캐럴이 가요. 캐럴이 자요. subject + predicate subject + predicate Carol goes. Car이 sleeps. 에릭이 사과를 먹어요 . 에력이 도서관에서 책을 임어요. subject + object + predicate subject + object + predicate Eric eats an apple. Eric reads a book in the library. Paπicles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the paηicle 01 or 가 is used. After an 。이ect ， the particle 을 。r 를 is used. And after an adverbial, the particle 에 or 에게 is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) 에릭 이 사괴를 먹어요. 에릭 이 도서관에서 책을 읽어요. subject adverbial While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regaro ess of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these paπs can still be identified be<경use of the particle attached to it. 사과를 에릭이 먹어요. 책을 도서관에서 에력이 읽어요. 。bject + subject + verb 。 bject + adverb + subject + verb an apple Eric eats a book in rhe library Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be c1early understood from the context, it can be omitted. A 에릭이 뭐 해요? What is Eric doing? B (에릭이) 사괴를 먹어요. (He is) eating an apple. A 어디에 가요? Where do (you) go? B 학교에가요. (1) go to school. 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, p이 iteness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus 다 This form is also called the ’dictionary form.' Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 가다 (to 9이， 오다 (to come), 먹다 (to eat) , and 입다 (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, 다 is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker’s intention . • Verbs 갑니 다 (g이goes) 가 다 가(다) +-닙 니다 (present formal ending) 가십 니 다 (go/goes) (referring to a superior/elder) word stem word ending 개다) +-시- (honorific) + - 닙 니 다 (present formal ending) (ro go) 갔습니다 (went) 개다)+-았'- (past tense) + --'습니다 (present formal ending) Introduction to the Korean Language 15 • Adjectives 좋습니 다 (is good) 좋(다) +-습니 다 (present formal ending) 다 흔 를 word stem word ending 좋았습니 다 (was good) 좋{대 +-'았- (past tense) + -습니다 (present formal ending) (to be good) 좋겠습니 다 βeems be good) 좋(다) +-겠- (guess) +-습니 다 (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (e.g., 그리고 (and), 그렇지만 (but), 그런데 (so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings (1.) And Conjunctive Adverb Connection 바람이 불어요. 그리고 추워요. It’s windy. And it's cold Conjunctive Ending Connection 바람이 불고 추워요. It's windy and cold (2) But n . n 4 l ‘ 뼈 O C ·m m g 뼈 . 뼈 빼 . m - C 김치는 맴습니다. 그렇지만 맛있습니다. Kimchi is spicy. But it tastes good. Conjunctive Ending Connection 김치는 랩지만 맛있습니다. Kimchi is spicy but tastes good. (3 ) Soj Therefore Co njunctive Adverb Connection 눈이 와요. 그래서 길이 많이 막혀요. It's snowing. Therefore the traffic is bad Conjunctive Ending Connection 눈이 와서 길이 많이 막혀요. It's snowing, so the traffic is bad. 16 When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the c。미unctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences. (1) 바람이 불다 + -.고 + 추원요 • 바람이불고추워요. (2) 김치가 랩다 + -.지만 + 맛있어요 • 김치가 랩지만 맛있어요. (3) 는이 오다 + -아서 + 길이 많이 믿댐요 → 눈이와서 길이 많이 막혀요. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive. Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided in미 1끼to three main type않 sε: fo 。 αorrπrm 때 na려1 po 띠이이lite ， in 께 n마뼈 lf。 αrπrmπm때 na려1 po 띠이이|’te ’ an며 d in빼 1 used mos앙t in fo 。 αrma허10αrpαub 비비lic s잉itua하tio 。 αn며 1녕s ， including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal p이 ite sty le -아/어요 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal p이 ite style, the informal p이 ite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal p이 ite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal p이 ite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation. For this reason, the informal p이 ite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal plain style -아/어 , it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal p이 ite and informal p이 ite styles only. (1.) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) CD Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding -(스) 닙 니 다 to the word stem • 저는학교에갑니다 . I go to school. • 저는빵을먹습니다. I eat bread. Introduction to the Korean Language í 7 @ Informal Polite Style Declarative informal p이 ite sentences are made by adding -아/어요 to the word stem. • 저는학교에가요 . • 저는빵을먹어요. I 90 to school. I eat bread. (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present 1겉nse) CD Formal Polite Style Interrog하ive formal polite sentences are made by adding -(스) 닙 니까? to the wo여 stem. • 학교에 갑니까? • 빵을먹습니까? 00 you 90 to school? 00 you eat bread? @ Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal p이ite sentences are made by adding -아/어요? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). • 학교에 가요? • 빵을먹어요? 00 you 90 to school? 00 you eat bread? (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(으)서|요) CD Formal Polite Style Imperative formal p이 ite sentences are made by adding -(으)십시오 to the word stem. 오 오 시 시 시닙 시님 쓰 으 에” 이민 채「。늘 고。 채「 Please write in your notebook. Please read the book. 18 @ Informal Polite Style Imperative informal p이ite sentences can be made by adding -아/어요 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using -(으)세요 in place of-아/ 어요 is considered a more p이 ite expression, and therefore -(으)세요 should be used. • 공책에쓰세요. Please write in your notebook. • 책을읽으세요. Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone else’s suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-(으)닙시대 CD Formal Polite Style Propositive formal p이ite sentences are made by adding -(으) 닙 시 다 to the word stem. -(으) 닙 시 다 can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to use this expression toward a superior or elder. • 11시 에 만납시 다 Let’s meet at 11 0 ’clock • 여기에서 점심을 먹읍시다 Let's eat lu빼 @ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal p이 ite sentences are made by adding -아/어요， just like in the other sentence types described above • 11시에 만나요. Let’s meet at 11 o'clock. • 여기에서 점심을 먹어요. Let’s eat lunch here. The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb 가다 (to go) 갑니까? 가십시오. 갑시다. (1) go. (1) am going. 가요? / Shall (we) go? 가세요. • Go! 가요. • Let’s go. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context. Introduction to the Korean Language 19 5. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, family relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (1.) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one’s family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, -(으)시 IS added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, -시 is added, and for those ending in a consonant, -。시 is added. ·뀔톨야090) 가 + -시- + -닙니다 • 가십니다 가 + -시- + -어요 • 가세요 가 + -시- + -었어요 • 가셨어요 가 + -시- + -(으)근 거예요 • 가실거예요 .푹I를l· (to read) 읽 + -.으시- + -닙니다 • 읽으십니다 읽 + -.으시- + -어요 • 읽으세요 읽 + -.으시- + -었어요 • 읽으셨어요 읽 + -.으시- + -(으)2 거예요 • 읽으실거예요 • 선생 님 께서 한국말을 가르치 십 니 다 The teacher teaches Korean • 아버지께서는 작년에 부산에 가셨어요 My father went to 8뼈n last year. (2 ) Honoring the Listener 20 Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal p이 ite ， informal p이 ite ， and informal plain styles. See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types) 도와주셔서 감사합니다. 도와주셔서감사해요. 도오댄|서고마워. (3) Other Honorifics (formal p이ite style) (informal p이ite styl리 (informal plain s띠리 CD The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -(으)시 to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form 자다 (to sleep) 주무시다 죽다 (to die) 돌아가시다 말하다 (to speak) 말씀하시다 데려가다 (to take) 모셔가다 먹다 (to eat) 잡수시다/드시다 있다 (to exist) 겨|시다 마시다 (to drink) 드시다 있다 (to have) 있으시다 • 어머니께서 집에 안 계세요 . Mother is not home right now. • 내 일시 간 있으세요? 0 0 you have time tomorrow? @ Some nouns have honorific counterpaπs. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form 나01 (age) 연세 샘일 (birthday) 샘신 말 (words) qc=f스C그스 집 (house) 댁 밥 (meal/food) 진지 이름 (name) 성함 사람 (person) i tIj 아내 (wife) -닙i=!-'2J • 할아버 지， 진지 잡수세요 . Grandpa, please have some dinner. • 부인께서도 안녕하십니 까? How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Language 2 @ Honorific paπicles can be used a야er nouns indicating people. 이/가 • 꺼|서 은/는 • 께서는 에게(한테) • 께 • 동생 이 친구에게 선물을 줍니다. My younger sibling gives a present to a friend. • 할아버지 께서 친구에게 선물을 주십니다 . Grandpa gives a present to a friend. • 저는 딸기를 좋아해요 I like strawberries • 할머니 께서는 딸기를 좋아하세요 Grandma likes strawberries @ Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the suffix-님. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form 선생 (teacher) 선생님 교수 (professor) 교수님 사장 (president) 사장님 박사 (doctor) 박Á~님 목사 (pastor) 목사님 원장 (director) 원장님 • 저희 사장님은 마음이 넓으십니다. 。 ur company president is a generous person. • 목사님 ， 기도해 주셔서 감사합니다. Pastor, thank you for your prayer. @ Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an act ion by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form 말하다 (to speak) 말씀드리다 묻다 (to ask) 여쯤다 주다 (to give) I 리다 보다/만나다 (to meet) 웹다 • 아버지께 말씀드릴까요? Shall we speak with Dad? • 할아버지 께 이 책을 드리세요 . Please give this book to Grandpa. 22 @ The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. 나 → 저| 우리 → 저흐I Our 말 → 말씀 Words • 저도 그 소식을 들었어요 1 also heard that news • 저 희 집 에 한번 놀러 오세요. Please stop by our house sometime • 부장님 , 말씀드릴 것이 있습니 다. Chief, 1 have som하hing to tell you (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics CD In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 당신 (you), 너 (you), 그 (he/him), 그녀 (she/he끼， and 그들 (they/ them). “요코 씨， 어제 회사에서 재준 씨를 만났어요? 재준 씨가 요코 씨를 그가{x) 당신을(x) 찾았어요. 그러니까 요코 씨가 재준 씨한테 전화해 보세요" 그가(x) 당신을(x) "Yoko, did you see Jaejun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), so Yoko (you) need to give Ja에un (him) a call.“ 당신 is a mut뻐 title of address used mai매 used to address anyone other than one’s spouse. Similarly, 너 is a mutual title used only among close friends. • 여보， 아까 당신이 나한태 전화했어요? Dear, did you call me? • 너는오늘뭐하니? What are you going to do today? ~~ Introduction to the Korean Language ι;