Page i Page iii Kit Carson A Pattern for Heroes by Thelma S. Guild & Harvey L. Carter Page iv Copyright 1984 by the University of Nebraska Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First Bison Book printing: 1988 Most recent printing indicated by the first digit below: 5 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Guild, Thelma S., 1911 Kit Carson: a pattern for heroes. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Carson, Kit, 1809–1868. 2. Pioneers — West (U.S.) — History. 3. Scouts and scouting — West (U.S.) — Biography. 4. Soldiers — West (U.S.) — Biography. 5. West (U.S.) — History. I. Carter, Harvey Lewis, 1904 II. Title. F592.C33G84 1984 978'.02'0924 8321628 ISBN 0803221185 ISBN 0803270275 (pbk.) Page v To Ruth, Jack, & Nancy, whose encouragement made a difference Page vii Contents List of Maps and Illustrations viii Preface ix 1. Moving West 1 2. Across the Prairie 16 3. Too Small, Too Young, Too Green 26 4. Trapping to California 34 5. Rocky Mountain Men 46 6. Kit Takes a Wife 59 7. Blackfoot Country 70 8. Decline of the Mountain Men 83 9. Carson Meets Frémont 96 10. Lost in the Great Basin 108 11. Across the High Sierra 122 12. Waiting for War 138 13. The Conquest of California 151 14. Famous Dispatch Rider 163 15. Farmer and Scout 180 16. Agent to the Utes 198 17. Kit Fights to Save the Union 218 18. The Navajo Campaign 231 19. The Coup at Adobe Walls 250 20. General Carson and the Utes 261 21. Adios 276 22. Afterword 285 Notes 297 Bibliography 335 Index 347 Page viii Maps The Santa Fe Trail and Its Branches 20 Ewing Young's Second California Expedition, 1829–31 40 Carson in the Rendezvous Country, 1831–41 77 Frémont's First Three Expeditions and Kearny's Route 128 Carson's Civil War and Indian Campaigns 240 Illustrations following page 146 Brigadier General Carson, 1866 Thomas Fitzpatrick William Bent Jim Bridger Alexis Godey Lucien B. Maxwell Richard Lemon Owings George D. Brewerton Edward Fitzgerald Beale Stephen Watts Kearny John C. Frémont James H. Carleton Ignacia Jessie Benton Frémont Brewerton's sketch of Kit Carson, 1848 Kit Carson as Indian Agent Kit Carson, 1865 Kit Carson in the East, 1868 Kit Carson visits Mrs. Frémont, 1868 Page ix Preface The first biography of Kit Carson was published ten years before his death. A number of others have appeared since that time, some better than others. Why, then, another life of Carson? The answer to this question can be briefly stated. When, in 1968 on the hundredth anniversary of his death, one of the present authors published 'Dear Old Kit': The Historical Christopher Carson, with a New Edition of the Carson Memoirs, it was something of a landmark in Carson bibliography. This work has now been out of print for several years. No biography currently in print utilizes the contributions to Carson scholarship made in 'Dear Old Kit'. The number and length of the footnotes in that work were a boon to Carson scholars but a formidable obstacle to those who wished to read it for information and enjoyment. A more conventional biography that embodies the reliability of 'Dear Old Kit' in more readable form is sorely needed. Closed minds and permanent prejudices still exist, at opposite poles, concerning Carson. Between them lies a great segment of the population to whom Kit Carson is a familiar name but little else. It is this body of the reading public that the present authors have endeavored to reach, as well as those who delight in any new work on Carson. It has been the aim of the authors to narrate the life of Kit Carson chronologically, against a descriptive background of the physical environment and an exposition of the social milieu in which Page x he lived. Our study reveals Carson as a product of the early American frontier. All his life was lived on the extreme edge of that expanding frontier. Americans who moved west did not consider their migration a conquest of the Indians but rather settlement of unoccupied land. The old conflict between farmer and nomad was repeated, neither side capable of understanding the other. Both Indians and whites fought in defense of their homes and possessions, for the control of territory, and for life itself. Parties of both races rode out on punitive raids in retaliation for wrongs already committed. Excesses were committed by both. In his early years, Carson was conditioned to regard Indians as a threat to his survival, but his long association with them in both war and peace brought him to a sympathetic understanding of their problems. In some respects, he was more compatible with the mode of life and the set of values practiced by Indians than with those practiced by the political and military leaders of his own people. Though he was an Indian fighter, he was not an Indian hater. No expression of hate or prejudice toward Indians is to be found in Carson's Memoirs. In the few instances when it appears to us that Carson went beyond what one would expect, under the circumstances, of a man of good will, we have not hesitated to point out his departure from his usual principles. Our effort has been to present Carson as much as possible in his own words, quoting often from his memoirs. Material shown by 'Dear Old Kit' to have been spurious has usually been excluded from the present work without comment. Since overwhelming evidence indicates that he was illiterate, however, we have thought it necessary to state this explicitly. He enjoyed having others read to him, but whatever ability he may have had in recognizing simple, familiar words was insufficient for him to carry on his business and personal affairs without depending on others to read and write for him. We have in several instances been able to expand knowledge of Carson beyond that presented in 'Dear Old Kit'. These instances include recollections of Carson preserved by the Utes, some knowledge of the earlier and later years of Carson's friend Dick Owens, the certainty that it was Antoine Godin, not Alexis Godey, who trapped on the Humboldt with Carson, reasons for thinking Page xi that Carson's Arapaho wife, Waanibe, may have accompanied the Humboldt trapping party, precise dates for Carson's later military assignments, a fuller and more exact account of his Fort Garland period, and a letter giving the exact date of Josefa Carson's death. When speculative statements have been necessary, we have, as a rule, given reasons for such speculation. Our study shows Carson to have been a simple and direct man of action, conscious of his own lack of education, but possessed of a strong sense of duty and a desire to do his best. He was unspoiled by the enormous adulation he received from the public and remained characteristically modest and unassuming. His only regret was that he had been too responsive to public duty and not attentive enough to the needs of his family. However, statements by those who knew him repeat again and again how well he was loved by his family and the people among whom he lived and worked—Mexican, American, and Indian. After hearing about Carson from an uncle who knew him, Edgar L. Hewett wrote, "He fixed in my mind a pattern for heroes . . . of quiet, steelnerved courage . . . an ideal of what a real man should be." He was and has remained one of America's most widely known and most deserving heroes. This work does not aim to replace 'Dear Old Kit' and does not include all the references that enrich the earlier biography. Instead, its appeal will be more general. Neither its descriptive backgrounds nor facts uncovered by recent research are included in any previous biography of Carson. We hope the reader will find it an easily readable and eminently reliable book. The staffs of libraries we consulted in preparing to write this book need to be commended for their expertise, patience, and perseverence in finding materials needed. Especially helpful and ingenious were the staffs of the A. M. Willis Library, North Texas State University, Denton; the Charles M. Tutt Library of Colorado College, Colorado Springs; and the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Stephen H. Hart Library, Colorado Historical Society, Denver; the University of New Mexico Library, Albuquerque; the University of Richmond Library, Richmond, Virginia; the University of Wyoming Library, Laramie; and the Virginia State Library,
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