Higher Cortical Functions in Man

653 Pages·1980·23.307 MB·English

by  Aleksandr Romanovich Luria (auth.)

HIGHER
CORTICAL
FUNCTIONS
IN MAN
PREFACES TO THE ENGLISH EDITION BY
HANS-LUKAS TEUBER
and KARL H. PRIBRAM
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM THE RUSSIAN
by BASIL HAIGH
HIGHER
CORTICAL
FUNCTI.ONS
INMAN
Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
ALEKSANDR ROMANOVICH LURIA
Basic Books, Inc., Publishers New York
CONSULTANTS BUREAU New York
The original Russian text was published by
Moscow University Press in 1962
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-20421
ISBN-13: 978-1-4m5-8s1h"7
DOl: 10.100']19711-1-4615-1\5']9-4
Copyright © 1966, 1980 Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc.,
and Basic Books, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd. edition 1980
All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may he reproduced in any form without written
permission from the publishers. Manufactured in the United
States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci illustrating the Renaissance view of the structure
of the brain and of the three cerebral ventricles
Contents
Preface by Hans -Leukas Teuber xi
Preface by Karl H. Pribram xv
Foreword XVll
Foreword to the Second Edition xix
Foreword to the Second American Edition xxi
I
THE HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
ORGANIZATION IN THE BRAIN
1. The Problem of Localization of Functions in the
Cerebral Cortex 3
A. Psychomorphological Concepts and Their Crisis-
A Historical Survey 3
B. Re-examination of the Concept of Function and of the
Principles of Its Localization 21
C. The Higher Mental Functions in Man 28
2. Modern Data on the Structural Organization of the
Cerebral Cortex 37
A. Original Conceptions 37
B. Structural Organization of the Posterior Cortical Divisions 42
C. Structural Organization of the Anterior Cortical Divisions 51
D. Progressive Differentiation of the Cortical Regions and
Fields in· the Course of Phylogenesis and Ontogenesis 56
E. Structural Organization and Connections of the Mediobasal
.Cortical Divisions 63
F. Functional Properties of Cortical Neurons 67
3. Disturbances of Higher Mental Functions in the
Presence of Local Brain Lesions 78
vi
CONTENTS
II
DISTURBANCES OF THE HIGHER CORTICAL FUNCTIONS
IN THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL BRAIN LESIONS
1. Some Functional Investigative Problems 89
A. Principal Forms of Disturbance of the Higher Cortical
Functions Resulting from Local Brain Lesions 89
B. The Problem of the Dominant Hemisphere 95
C. General Cerebral Components in Cases of Local Brain
Lesions 104
2. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with
Lesions of the Temporal Region 107
A. Historical Survey 108
B. The Auditory Analyzer and the Structure of the Auditory
Cortex 109
C. Language Sounds and the Hearing of Speech 113
D. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of
the Cortical Nucleus of the Auditory Analyzer. Acoustic
Agnosia and Sensory Aphasia 117
E. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of
the Middle Segments of the Temporal Region. Acoustic-
Mnestic Aphasia 128
F. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes with Temporal
Lesions I!S6
G. Disturbances of Psychological Processes in Lesions of the
Medial Zones of the Temporal Regions 140
3. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with
Lesions of the Occipital and Occipitoparietal Regions 146
A. Historical Survey 147
B. The Visual Analyzer and the Structure of the Visual Cortex 149
C. Disturbed Object Perception with Lesions of the Visual
Cortex and Concurrent Agnosia 157
D. Disturbed Tactile Perception and Tactile Agnosia 168
E. Spatial Disorientation and Constructive Apractagnosia 171
F. Disturbed Logical-Grammatical Operations and Semantic
Aphasia 177
G. Disturbances of Arithmetical Operations and the Syn-
drome of Acalculia 182
H. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes 186
4. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with
Lesions of the Sensorimotor Regions 189
A. Historical Survey 189
B. The Motor Analyzer and the Structure of the Sensorimotor
Region 196
Vll
CONTENTS
C. Disturbances of the Afferent Basis of Voluntary Movement.
Afferent (Kinesthetic) Apraxia 202
D. Disturbances of the Kinesthetic Basis of Speech. Afferent
(Kinesthetic) Motor Aphasia 207
E. Disturbances of Motor Functions with Lesions of the Pre-
motor Region 215
F. Disturbances of the Kinetic Structure of Speech. Efferent
(Kinetic) Motor Aphasia 226
G. Frontal "Dynamic" Aphasia 237
H. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes with Lesions of the
Premo tor Region 241
5. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with
Lesions of the Frontal Region 246
A. Historical Survey 248
B. Sfructure and Functions 257
C. The Frontal Lobes and Regulation of States of Activity 263
D. The Frontal Lobes and Regulation of Movements and
Actions 285
E. Gnostic Disturbances 327
F. Mnestic Disturbances 338
G. Intellectual Disturbances 345
H. Principal Variants of the Frontal Syndrome 360
6. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions in
Deep Brain Lesions 366
7. On Function Interaction Between the Hemispheres 374
III
METHODS OF INVESTIGATING THE HIGHER CORTICAL
FUNCTIONS IN LOCAL BRAIN LESIONS
(SYNDROME ANALYSIS)
1. Objectives of Neuropsychological Investigation of
Higher Cortical Functions in the Presence of
Local Brain Lesions 387
2. The Preliminary Conversation 398
3. Investigation of Motor Functions 414
A. Preliminary Remarks 414
B. Investigation of the Motor Functions of the Hands 415
C. Investigation of Oral Praxis 425
D. Investigation of Complex Forms of Organization of Move-
ments and Actions 428
viii
CONTENTS
4 Investigation of Acoustico-Motor Coordination 436
A. Preliminary Remarks 486
B. Investigation of the Perception and the Reproduction of
Pitch Relationships 486
C. Investigation of the Perception and the Reproduction of
Rhythmic Structures 489
5. Investigation of the Higher Cutaneous and
Kinesthetic Functions 444
A. Preliminary Remarks 444
B. Investigation of Tactile (Cutaneous) Sensation 444
C. Investigation of Deep (Kinesthetic) Sensation 447
D. Investigation of the Higher Tactile Functions and
Stereognosis 449
6. Investigation of the Higher Visual Functions 451
A. Preliminary Remarks 451
B. Investigation of the Visual Perception of Objects and
Pictures 454
C. Investigation of Spatial Orientation 461
D. Investigation of Intellectual Operations in Space 464
7. Investigation of Mnestic Processes 469
A. Preliminary Remarks 469
B. Investigation of the Direct Impression of Traces 470
C. Investigation of the Learning Process 475
D. The Role of Interference in Disturbances of Mnestic
Processes 478
E. Investigation of Logical Memorizing 488
8. Investigation of Speech Functions. Receptive Speech 486
A. Preliminary Remarks 486
B. Investigation of Phonemic Hearing 490
C. Investigation of Word Comprehension 498
D. Investigation of the Understanding of Simple Sentences 497
E. Investigation of the Understanding of Logical-Grammatical
Structures 499
9. Investigation of Speech Functions. Expressive Speech 506
A. Preliminary Remarks 506
B. Investigation of the Articulation of Speech Sounds 507
C. Investigation of Reflected (Repetitive) Speech 509
D. Investigation of the Nominative Function of Speech 513
E. Investigation of Narrative Speech 518
10. Investigation of Writing and Reading 528
A. Preliminary Remarks 528
B. Investigation of the Phonetic Analysis and Synthesis of
Words 538
C. Investigation of Writing 587
D. Investigation of Reading 543
ix
CONTENTS
11. Investigation of Arithmetical Skill
553
A. Preliminary Remarks 5511
B. Investigation of the Comprehension of Number Structure 554
C. Investigation of Arithmetical Operations 557
12. Investigation of Intellectual Processes 562
A. Preliminary Remarks 562
B. Investigation of the Understanding of Thematic Pictures
and Texts 565
C. Investigation of Concept Formation 5711
D. Investigation of Discursive Intellectual Activity 580
Conclusion 586
Bibliography 589
Russian 589
Non-Russian 604
Subject Index 626
Author Index 631