Handbook of Endocrinology, Second Edition, Volume I PDF
Preview Handbook of Endocrinology, Second Edition, Volume I
HANDBOOK OF ENDOCRINOLOGY Second Edition VOLUME I EDITED BY . George H Gass . Harold M Kaplan CRC Press Taylor&FrancisGroup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK CRCPress Taylor&FrancisGroup 6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300 BocaRaton,FL33487-2742 ©1996byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC CRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusiness NoclaimtooriginalU.S.Governmentworks ISBN13:978-0-8493-9429-4(hbk) Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Whileallreasonableefforts havebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,neithertheauthor[s]northepublishercanacceptany legalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublisherswishtomakeclear thatanyviewsoropinionsexpressedinthisbookbyindividualeditors,authorsorcontributorsarepersonaltothem anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviews/opinionsofthepublishers.Theinformationorguidancecontainedinthis bookisintendedforusebymedical,scientificorhealth-careprofessionalsandisprovidedstrictlyasasupplement tothemedicalorotherprofessional’sownjudgement,theirknowledgeofthepatient’smedicalhistory,relevant manufacturer’sinstructionsandtheappropriatebestpracticeguidelines.Becauseoftherapidadvancesinmedical science,any informationoradviceondosages,proceduresordiagnosesshouldbeindependentlyverified.The readerisstronglyurgedtoconsulttherelevantnationaldrugformularyandthedrugcompanies’anddeviceor materialmanufacturers’printedinstructions,andtheirwebsites,beforeadministeringorutilizinganyofthedrugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book.This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriateorsuitableforaparticularindividual.Ultimatelyitisthesoleresponsibilityofthemedicalprofessional tomakehisorherownprofessionaljudgements,soastoadviseandtreatpatientsappropriately.Theauthorsand publishershavealsoattemptedtotracethecopyrightholdersofallmaterialreproducedinthispublicationand apologizetocopyrightholdersifpermissiontopublishinthisformhasnotbeenobtained.Ifanycopyrightmaterial hasnotbeenacknowledgedpleasewriteandletusknowsowemayrectifyinanyfuturereprint. 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VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteat http://www.taylorandfrancis.com andtheCRCPressWebsiteat http://www.crcpress.com CoverDesign: DeniseCraig LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData — Handbookofendocrinology/editedbyGeorgeH.Gass,HaroldM.Kaplan. 2nded. p. cm. Rev.ed.of: CRChandbookofendocrinology/editors,GeorgeH.GassandHaroldM. Kaplan,cl982. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8493-9429-5(v.1 : alk.paper), - ISBN0-8493-9430-9(V.2 : alk.paper) 1. Endocrinology-Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Gass,GeorgeH. II. Kaplan,Harold Morris,1908- . III. CRChandb—ookofendorcinology. — [DNLM:1.EndocrineGlands physiology. 2. Hormones physiology. 3. EndocrineDiseases. 4. Endocrinology. WK100H2361996] QP187—.C731996 612'.4 dc20 DNLM/DLC forLibraryofCongress 96-13983 CIP LibraryofCongressCardNumber96-13983 PREFACE This Handbook of Endocrinology,Volumes I and II,presents a review of selected topics by36authors.Eachtopicisbroadinscopeandintensiveinapproach.Theendocrineliterature is now soextensive that it would take several volumes toencompass it. Thepresent book isageneral referencesourcefortheacademicendocrinologist,teacher, and researcher,forgraduatestudents working in current areasof thefield,and for biologists interested in the chemical control of bodily systems,adjunctive to neural regulation. Physi- cians with special interests in endocrinology will find chapters that have considerable rele- vance totheir work.The references provided herein are numerousand updated.Thedescrip- tionsof theendocrineprocessesprovidedatainthefieldsofanatomy,histology,physiology, and pathophysiology. Overall, the reader will haveaccesstoacomprehensivesurvey of thechemical natureof hormones, their synthesis, secretion and transport, their actions and mechanisms of action, and theirdegradation and excretion, in mammals and man. The editors fully appreciate the expertise and the large amount of time spent by the contributors.This book is their work. George H.Gass Harold M. Kaplan THE EDITORS George H. Gass, Ph.D., is the retired Chairman of the Department of Basic Medical Sciences of the Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (formerly the OklahomaCollegeof OsteopathicMedicineandSurgery).Previously heheld thepositionof Director,EndocrinologicPharmacologyResearchLaboratoryatSouthernIllinoisUniversity, during which time he also held the positions of Professor of Physiology and Professor of Medicine. He has had a very diverse career, including industry (Lederle Laboratories) and government (Food and DrugAdministration). Dr. Gass was awarded hisdoctorateatTheOhioState University.Following graduation Dr.GassservedintheEndocrineBranchoftheFoodandDrugAdministrationinWashington, D.C., where heperformed biological assay procedures, biostatistics,and endocrine research for four years before leaving to enter higher education. Dr. Gass’ best known work in the Food and DrugAdministration wasin theco-development of the uterine weight methodfor estrogen assay and detection. Dr. Gass assumed his duties at Southern Illinois University, Department of Physiology, in the fall of 1959 and immediately upon arrival set up the Endocrinologic Pharmacology Research Laboratory. A number of students obtained their research experience under Dr. Gass in that laboratory, where it was first discovered that a quantitativemeasureofachemicalcarcinogen(diethylstilbestrol)-doseresponseofmammary tumorsexisted.Thisresearchhasbecomeaclassicand,althoughpublishedin1964,hasmore recently been repeated by theCenter forToxicological Research with Dr.Gassconsulting. Dr.Gass,as a member of thestaff ofSouthern Illinois University,received a number of honors and served on numerous occasions as a consultant for government and industry. Dr. Gassisafellowof theAmericanAssociationofScience,anAlexandervonHumboldtfellow, and aFullbright alumnus. He was requested to serve as a consultantfor the National CenterforToxicology, Food Administration, to help determine the carcinogenicity and estrogenicity of female sex hor- mones, both naturally occurring and synthetic. During his 18 years at Southern Illinois University he taught physiology and pharmacology. His last position as Chairman of the DepartmentofBasicMedicalSciencesallowedhimintimatecontactwiththebasicscientists in the college, including those in human anatomy, histology, pharmacology, physiology, behavior,and biochemistry. Harold M. Kaplan, Ph.D., isVisiting Professor in the Medical Preparatory Program in the School of Medicine at Southern Illinois University (SIU) at Carbondale. Dr. Kaplan receivedtheA.B.degreeatDartmouthCollegein1930,theA.M.degreeatHarvardUniversity in 1931,and thePh.D.degreeatHarvardin1933.He wasanAssistantInstructoratHarvard, 1933-1934,andInstructortoProfessorofPhysiologyatMiddlesexUniversityMedicalSchool in Massachusetts, 1934-1945, as well as Department Chairman for many years. He was Professor of Veterinary Physiology and Department Chairman at Brandeis University from 1945 to1947.He wasAssociateProfessorof Physiologyat the Universityof Massachusetts atFortDevensfrom1947to1949,servingasDepartmentChairmanin1948-1949.Dr.Kaplan wasAssociateProfessoratSIUin1949andbecameProfessorof PhysiologyandDepartment Chairman in 1971. He was simultaneously a professor in theSIU School of Medicinefrom 1974 to the present. He was Director of theSIUAnimal Quarters (Vivarium) intermittently from 1950 to 1982. Dr. Kaplan was President of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 1969-1970, and is bothalifememberandhonorarymember.HewasPresidentof theAmericanAssociationfor LaboratoryAnimalScience,1966-1967,andisalifememberand honorarymember.Hewas on the Board of Directorsof the Instituteof LaboratoryAnimal Resources,1965-1969,and the Illinois Society for Medical Research, 1962-1986. He was on the Science Advisory Committee at Illinois Wesleyan University, 1970-1976. He was President of Sigma Xi (NationalHonorSociety)SIUchapter,1989-1990,aswellasPhiKappaPhi(NationalHonor Society), SIU chapter, 1976-1977 and 1983-1984. He was an editorial advisor for the NationalForum,1986-1989.He wasPresidentof theEmeritus FacultyOrganizationatSIU, 1993-1995. Dr. Kaplan has served as Science Consultant for the Applied Research and DevelopmentLaboratory in Mt.Vernon,IL,since1983.Heisafellowof theAAAS.He was Chairman of theEditorial Board, LaboratoryAnimal Science, 1963-1974. Dr. Kaplan is the co-author of about 200 research papersand has written 10 books. He is a contributor tofive chapters in an accepted biological laboratory text. CONTRIBUTORS NancyA.M.Alexiuk AbbySolomon Hollander Department ofAnatomy Pediatric Endocrinology University of Manitoba St.LouisChildren’s Hospital Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada St.Louis,Missouri RebeccaS. Bahn KathleenA. Jones MayoClinic School of Medicine— MEDPREP Rochester,Minnesota Southern Illinois University Carbondale,Illinois AndrzejBartke Department of Physiology BessAdkinsMarshall Southern Illinois University Pediatric Endocrinology School of Medicine St.LouisChildren’s Hospital Carbondale,Illinois St.Louis,Missouri JohnB.Buse BrahmShapiro DiabetesCareCenter Department of Internal & Nuclear Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor,Michigan Monica E. Doerr Divisionof Endocrinology William E.Sonntag Universityof North Carolina Department of Physiology & Pharmacology School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NorthCarolina GraySchool of Medicine atWake Forest Winston-Salem, NorthCarolina Warren E.Finn Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Richard W.Steger Collegeof Osteopathic Medicine Southern Illinois University OklahomaState University School of Medicine Tulsa,Oklahoma Carbondale,Illinois Milton D. Gross Jerry Vriend Department of Internal Medicine Department of Anatomy University of Michigan Medical Center Universityof Manitoba AnnArbor,Michigan Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada CharlesA. Hodson Hing-SingYu Department of Obstetrics& Gynecology Instituteof Environmental Science EastCarolina University &Technology Greenville, North Carolina San Antonio,Texas TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Summation of Basic Endocrine Data 1 KathleenA.Jones Chapter 2 Effectsof Environmental Factors on the EndocrineSystem 43 Hing-SingYu Chapter 3 The Pineal Gland and Melatonin 69 Jerry Vriend and Nancy A.M.Alexiuk Chapter 4 Environmental Modulation of Neuroendocrine Function 121 Richard W.Steger andAndrzej Bartke Chapter5 Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Regulation 157 Warren E.Finn Chapter6 An Overview of the Biological Actions and NeuroendocrineRegulation of Growth Hormone 171 William E.Sonntag Chapter 7 Prolactin 203 CharlesA.Hodson Chapter 8 Thyroid and Parathyroid Imaging 229 Brahm Shapiroand Milton D.Gross Chapter9 Graves’Ophthalmopathy:The Role of Cytokines in Pathogenesis 287 Rebecca S. Bahn Chapter 10 The Endocrine Pancreas 297 Monica E. Doerrand John B.Buse Chapter 11 Geneticsof Endocrine Disordersand Diabetes Mellitus 315 BessAdkins Marshall and Abby Solomon Hollander Index 347 Chapter 1 SUMMATION OF BASIC ENDOCRINE DATA Kathleen A. Jones CONTENTS Thyroid Gland 2 Triiodothyronineand Thyroxine 2 Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin) 3 Parathyroid Gland 4 Parathyroid Hormone 4 Vitamin D 5 Relationship to Parathyroid Hormone 5 Thymus Gland 6 Pineal Gland 7 Circumventricular Organs 8 Adrenal Gland 8 Medulla 8 Cortex 9 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 11 PosteriorLobe (Neurohypophysis) 11 Anterior Lobe 12 Kidney Hormones 15 Renin-Angiotensin System 15 Erythropoietin (Hemopoietin) 16 Cardiac Hormones 17 Atrial Natriuretic Factor 17 Gastrointestinal Hormones 18 Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin) 18 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide 19 Gastrin 20 Motilin 20 Secretin 21 Substance P 22 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 22 Pancreatic Hormones 23 Insulin 23 Glucagon 24 0-8493-9429-5/96/$0.00+$.50 1 ©1996byCRCPress,Inc.
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