Graphene Science Handbook: Applications and Industrialization (Volume 1)

492 Pages·2016·11.26 MB·English

by  Mahmood Aliofkhazraei

Nanoscience & Technology Aliofkhazraei
Ali
Milne
Ozkan
GRAPHENE SCIENCE HANDBOOK
Mitura
Gervasoni GRAPHENE
Applications and Industrialization
G
SCIENCE
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“This is a very good and excellent book on graphene material which is not only useful for researchers but also for students...
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This hand book is devoted to different applications of graphene materials in different fields...” p
—Dr. Noorunnisa Khanam Patan, Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University A
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“Graphene Science Handbook: Applications and Industrialization is a comprehensive collection of the most recent l P
advances on diverse areas of graphene science and development. The book has recognized editors and as such attracted high i H HANDBOOK
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quality authors for chapters. The chapters have their own independent structures that allow the readers to read and use
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them as separate reference entities. … Most of the chapters have been well written and are easy to read and understand. I
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recommend this book as a good reference that covers both basic and advanced topics regarding graphene.” i N
—Professor Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Australia o
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“Many practical applications utilize not only graphene’s electronic properties and optical transparency but also its extremely
Applications and
high thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility, tunable electron density, excellent current-carrying capacity, s S

and ultimate surface-to-volume ratio. The present volume provides a scope of applications in sensors and nanodevices that a C
use one or several unique material characteristics of graphene.”
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—Dr. Alexander A. Balandin, University of California Presidential Chair Professor Industrialization
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“I am confident in the materials … The wide scope of information covered, and the qualifications of the contributors
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projects a positive image of the potential quality of the publication.”
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—Albert V. Tamashausky, Asbury Carbons Inc.
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“This book is a result of an impressive project to collect views from experts in every aspect of graphene science. All popular u
topics in the research of this impressive material are covered. This is the best and most complete presentation that has been H
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published so far for the hottest material of our times. A must-have reference.” t
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—Ioannis Remediakis, Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Greece r
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“…this set of volumes represents a complete handbook showing the state of the art of science and technology related with
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graphene. This set of books is written by great specialists and competent experts. For someone who works in this field, this i D
set of volumes is an essential reference for the characterization and application of graphene.” z E D I T E D B Y
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—Dr. Alex Axelevitch, Holon Institute of Technology (HIT) a
t O Mahmood Aliofkhazraei • Nasar Ali
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o
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William I. Milne • Cengiz S. Ozkan
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Stanislaw Mitura • Juana L. Gervasoni
K20508
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9133-2
90000
9 781466 591332
K20508_COVER_Final.indd 1 3/17/16 5:04 PM
GRAPHENE
SCIENCE
HANDBOOK
Applications and
Industrialization

GRAPHENE
SCIENCE
HANDBOOK
Applications and
Industrialization
EDITED BY
Mahmood Aliofkhazraei • Nasar Ali
William I. Milne • Cengiz S. Ozkan
Stanislaw Mitura • Juana L. Gervasoni
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20160330
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9134-9 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
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Contents
Preface..........................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ..........................................................................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ..............................................................................................................................................................................xiii
Section i Biomaterial
Chapter 1 Design and Applications of Graphene- and Biomolecule-Based Nanosensors and Nanodevices ..........................3
Ke Xu, Preeti Pratap, Mitra Dutta, and Michael Stroscio
Chapter 2 Graphene-Based DNA Sensors .............................................................................................................................13
Hatef Sadeghi
Chapter 3 Antimicrobial Perspectives for Graphene-Based Nanomaterials .........................................................................27
Archana Ramchandra Deokar, Madhulika Sinha, Ganesh Gollavelli, and Yong-Chien Ling
Chapter 4 Biomedical Applications of Graphene ..................................................................................................................41
Maria Caffo, Lucia Merlo, Daniele Marino, and Gerardo Caruso
Chapter 5 Graphene Biodevices .............................................................................................................................................57
Xiaochen Dong, Beibei Zhan, and Wei Huang
Chapter 6 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Graphene Nanosheets ........................................................................71
Montree Sawangphruk
Chapter 7 Applications of Graphene in Biosensing ...............................................................................................................81
D. P. Nikolelis, Z. H. Ibupoto, G.-P. Nikoleli, and M. Willander
Chapter 8 Graphene-Based Biosensor Technologies .............................................................................................................91
Arzum Erdem, Ece Eksin, and Mihrican Muti
Chapter 9 Graphene-Based Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Bioanalytical Applications ..................105
Suresh Kumar Kailasa, Hui-Fen Wu, and Jigneshkumar V. Rohit
Chapter 10 Richness of Graphene-Based Materials in Biomimetic Applications .................................................................125
Bhaskar Garg and Yong-Chien Ling
Section ii nanocomposites
Chapter 11 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites ........................................................................................................145
S. Chatterjee and B. T. T. Chu
v
vi Contents
Chapter 12 Preparation of Cellulose/Graphene Nanocomposites ...........................................................................................161
Nguyen Dang Luong and Jukka Seppälä
Chapter 13 Straightforward Routes for the Preparation of Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites ...............................175
Giulio Malucelli and Alberto Mariani
Chapter 14 Polymer Devices with Graphene: Solar Cells and Ultracapacitors ......................................................................191
Agnieszka Iwan, Bronislaw Szubzda, and Andrzej Sikora
Section iii electrical/Sensor Devices
Chapter 15 Graphene-Based Sensors: Current Status and Future Trends ..............................................................................211
Goutam Koley, Amol Singh, and Ahsan Uddin
Chapter 16 Effect of External Electric Fields on the Multifunctional Applications of Graphene ........................................235
Zhimin Ao, Qing Jiang, Sean Li, Shixue Dou, and Guoxiu Wang
Chapter 17 Impact of the Structural Properties of Graphene on SiC Surfaces on Their Electronic Applications:
An Assessment ....................................................................................................................................................255
Jolanta Borysiuk and Jakub Sołtys
Chapter 18 Resistive Nonvolatile Memories Based on Graphene-Related Materials: State of the Art .................................269
P. Bondavalli, D. Ihnatov, D. Pribat, and P. Legagneux
Chapter 19 Applications of Graphene-Based Materials in Electronic Devices .....................................................................279
Gaurav Gupta, Minggang Zeng, Argo Nurbawono, Wen Huang, and Gengchiau Liang
Chapter 20 Graphene- and Graphene-Oxide-Based Gas Sensors .........................................................................................299
Vladimir Aroutiounian
Section iV new Applications
Chapter 21 Graphene-Based Materials for Fuel Cells: Approaches and Applications ...........................................................313
Junrui Li and Haolin Tang
Chapter 22 Chemistry and Applications of Supramolecular Graphene Derivatives .............................................................337
Hugo Bares, Jean-Baptiste Verlhac, and Dario M. Bassani
Chapter 23 Applications of Graphene in Tissue Engineering ...............................................................................................353
Eoin Murray, Brianna C. Thompson, and Gordon G. Wallace
Chapter 24 Graphene in Space ...............................................................................................................................................365
Domingo Aníbal García-Hernández and Franco Cataldo
Contents vii
Chapter 25 Graphene Materials in Energy Storage Applications ..........................................................................................377
Grzegorz Lota, Krzysztof Fic, Ilona Acznik, and Katarzyna Lota
Chapter 26 Applications of Graphene in Fuel/Propellant Combustion .................................................................................391
Bruce Chehroudi
Chapter 27 Fabrication of Graphene-Based Porous Materials and Their Applications in Environmental Fields .................399
Zhu-Yin Sui, Ding Zhou, and Bao-Hang Han
Chapter 28 New Energy Material: Graphene .........................................................................................................................419
Hongying Hou, Xianxi Liu, and Jinhui Peng
Chapter 29 Potential Applications of Graphene in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell .............................................439
Avijit Ghosh and Anil Verma
Index .........................................................................................................................................................................................463

Preface
The theory behind “graphene” was first explored by the that are formed by carbon atoms between layers are weak;
physicist Philip Wallace in 1947. However, the name “gra- therefore, the sheets can slide easily over each other. The dis-
phene” was not actually coined until 40 years later, where tance between layers is 0.335 nm. Due to its unique structure
it was used to describe single sheets of graphite. Ultimately, and geometry, graphene possesses remarkable physical–
Professor Geim’s group in Manchester (UK) was able to chemical properties, including a high Young’s modulus, high
manufacture and see individual atomic layers of graphene in fracture strength, excellent electrical and thermal conductiv-
2004. Since then, much more research has been carried out ity, high charge carrier mobility, large specific surface area,
on the material, and scientists have found that graphene has and biocompatibility.
unique and extraordinary properties. Some say that it will These properties enable graphene to be considered as an
literally change our lives in the twenty-first century. Not only ideal material for a broad range of applications, ranging from
is graphene the thinnest possible material, but it is also about quantum physics, nanoelectronics, energy research, catalysis,
200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity bet- and engineering of nanocomposites and biomaterials. In this
ter than any other material at room temperature. This mate- context, graphene and its composites have emerged as a new
rial has created huge interest in the electronics industry, and biomaterial, which provides exciting opportunities for the
Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim were awarded the development of a broad range of applications, such as nano-
2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for their groundbreaking experi- carriers for drug delivery. The building block of graphene
ments on graphene. is completely different from other graphite materials and
Graphene and its derivatives (such as graphene oxide) have three-dimensional geometric shapes of carbon, such as zero-
the potential to be produced and used on a commercial scale, dimensional spherical fullerenes and one-dimensional carbon
and research has shown that corporate interest in the discov- nanotubes.
ery and exploitation of graphene has grown dramatically in The second volume of this handbook is predominantly
the leading countries in recent decades. In order to understand about the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene.
how this activity is unfolding in the graphene domain, publi- The chapters in this volume focus on atomic arrangement
cation counts have been plotted in Figure P.1. Research and and defects, modified graphene, characterization of graphene
commercialization of graphene are both still at early stages, and its nanostructure, and also recent advances in graphene
but policy in the United States as well as in other key coun- nanostructures. The planar structure of graphene provides an
tries is trying to foster the concurrent processes of research excellent opportunity to immobilize a large number of sub-
and commercialization in the nanotechnology domain. stances, including biomolecules and metals. Therefore, it is
Graphene can be produced in a multitude of ways. Initially, not surprising that graphene has generated great interest for
Novoselov and Geim employed mechanical exfoliation by its nanosheets, which nowadays can serve as an excellent plat-
using a Scotch tape technique to produce monolayers of the form for antibacterial applications, cell culture, tissue engi-
material. Liquid-phase exfoliation has also been utilized. neering, and drug delivery.
Several bottom-up or synthesis techniques developed for gra- It is possible to produce composites reinforced with gra-
phene include chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam phene on a commercial scale and low cost. In these composites,
epitaxy, arc discharge, sublimation of silicon carbide, and epi- the existence of graphene leads to an increase in conductivity
taxy on silicon carbide. and strength of various three-dimensional materials. In addi-
The first volume of this handbook concerns the fabrica- tion, it is possible to use cheaply manufactured graphene in
tion methods of graphene. It is divided into four sections: (1) these composites. For example, exfoliation of graphite is one
fabrication methods and strategies, (2) chemical-based meth- of the cheapest graphene production techniques. The behavior
ods, (3) nonchemical methods, and (4) advances of fabrication of many two-dimensional materials and their equivalent three-
methods. dimensional forms are completely different. The origin of the
Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in nature and aforementioned differences in the behavior of these materials
is an essential element of human life. It has different struc- is associated with the weak forces that hold a large number of
tures called carbon allotropes. The most common crystal- single layers together to create a bulk material. Graphene can
line forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. Graphite is be used in nanocomposites. Currently, researchers have been
a three-dimensional allotrope of carbon with a layered struc- able to produce several tough and light materials by adding
ture in which tetravalent atoms of carbon are connected to small amounts of graphene to metals, polymers, and ceram-
three other carbon atoms by three covalent bonds and form ics. The composite materials usually show better electrical
a hexagonal network structure. Each one of these aforemen- conductivity characteristics compared with pure bulk materi-
tioned layers is called a graphene layer or sheet. Each sheet is als, and they are also more resistant against heat.
placed in parallel on other sheets. Hence, the fourth valence The third volume describes graphene’s electrical and opti-
electron connects the sheets to each other via van der Waals cal properties and also focuses on nanocomposites and their
bonding. The covalent bond length is 0.142 nm. The bonds applications. The fourth volume relates to the mechanical
ix