Geologically Storing Carbon : Learning from the Otway Project Experience

407 Pages·2014·27.382 MB·English

by  Cook, Peter

G
GEOLOGICALLY
E
O
Carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) is L
presently the only way that we can make deep cuts O
in emissions from fossil fuel-based, large-scale G STORING CARBON
sources of CO such as power stations and I
2 C
industrial plants. But if this technology is to be
A
acceptable to the community, it is essential that
L
it is credibly demonstrated by world-class scientists
L
and engineers in an open and transparent manner Y LEARNING FROM THE
at a commercially signifi cant scale. The aim of the
S
Otway Project was to do just this. OTWAY PROJECT EXPERIENCE
T
Geologically Storing Carbon provides a detailed
O
account of the CO2CRC Otway Project, one of
R
the most comprehensive demonstrations of the
I
deep geological storage or geosequestration of N
carbon dioxide undertaken anywhere. This book G
ABOUT THE EDITOR
of 18 comprehensive chapters, written by leading
Professor Peter J Cook CBE FTSE C
experts in the fi eld, is more than a record of
is a leading geologist and a A
outstanding science – it is about “learning by
Professorial Fellow at the University
R
doing”. For example, it explains how the project of Melbourne (the University
was organised, managed, funded and constructed, established the Peter Cook Centre B
for CCS Research in 2012).
as well as the approach taken to community issues, O
Previously he was the Foundation
regulations and approvals. It also describes how CEO of the Cooperative Research N
to understand the site: Are the rocks mechanically Centre for Greenhouse Gas
Technologies (CO2CRC) and in 2004
suitable? Will the CO leak? Is there enough
2 fi rst developed the concept of the
storage capacity? Is monitoring effective? CO2CRC Otway Project. Previously P
he was Director of the British E
This is the book for geologists, engineers,
Geological Survey. Professor Cook
T
regulators, project developers, industry, was Coordinating Lead Author of the
E
IPCC Special Volume on CCS and
communities, indeed anyone who wants to
has published many papers, articles R
better understand how a carbon storage project
and books on resource, energy and

really works. It is also for people concerned with environmental issues. His book J
obtaining an in-depth appreciation of one of the Clean Energy, Climate and Carbon
was published in 2012. C
key technology options for decreasing greenhouse
O
emissions to the atmosphere.
O
K
EDITOR: PETER J COOK
Geologically Storing Carbon CSIRO.indd 1 26/05/14 9:37 PM

For our children and grandchildren

© CO2CRC Ltd 2014
All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments,
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owner. Contact CSIRO Publishing for all permission requests.
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Geologically Storing Carbon: Learning from the Otway Project Experience / edited by Peter Cook.
9781486302307 (hardback)
9781486302314 (epdf)
9781486302321 (epub)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Geological carbon sequestration – Otway Basin (Vic. and S. Aust.)
Carbon sequestration – Otway Basin (Vic. and S. Aust.)
Carbon dioxide mitigation – Otway Basin (Vic. and S. Aust.)
Greenhouse gas mitigation – Otway Basin (Vic. and S. Aust.)
Greenhouse gases – Environmental aspects.
Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects.
Cook, P. J. (Peter John), 1938– editor.
363.73874
Citation
Cook, P. J. (Ed.) (2014) Geologically Storing Carbon: Learning from the Otway Project Experience. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Published exclusively in Australia and New Zealand by
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Front cover image: Rebecca Jones, CO2CRC
Back cover image: CO2CRC
Set in Adobe Garamond Pro
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Text design by Roslyn Paonin
Typeset by Roslyn Paonin, Jo Ashley, Matthew Harris
Index by Indexicana
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v
Contents
Foreword 1 xi
Foreword 2 xii
Preface xiii
Authors xvii
Acknowledgements xx
1. Developing the Project 1
Peter Cook, Mal Lees, Sandeep Sharma
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Developing an Australian project 2
1.3 Developing a suitable corporate structure 10
1.4 Formation of CO2CRC Pilot Project LTD 13
1.5 Funding the project 17
1.6 Designing the Otway Project 22
1.7 Project liability and risk 30
1.8 Conclusions 33
1.9 References 34
2. Communications and the Otway Project 35
Tony Steeper
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Strategic communications and the Otway Project 35
2.3 Social research and the Otway Project 40
2.4 Operational issues relating to communications and the community 42
2.5 Conclusions 43
2.6 References 43
3. Government approvals 45
Namiko Ranasinghe
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Challenges of regulating a pilot project 47
3.3 Impact assessment and planning approvals 48
3.4 Environmental authority approvals 49
3.5 Petroleum authority approvals 49
3.6 Water authority approvals 51
3.7 Land access and acquisition 51
3.8 Miscellaneous approvals 53
3.9 Transitional arrangements 53
3.10 Liability and responsibility 53
3.11 Stakeholder engagement 54
3.12 Conclusions 55
3.13 References 56
vi
4. Design and operational considerations 57
Craig Dugan, Ian Black, Sandeep Sharma
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Options for gas processing 58
4.3 Facilities and pipeline design considerations 64
4.4 Facilities design 66
4.5 Unanticipated operational problems 69
4.6 Conclusions 70
5. Characterising the storage site 71
Tess Dance
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Site details 74
5.3 Injectivity 80
5.4 Capacity 81
5.5 Reservoir heterogeneity 83
5.6 Containment 87
5.7 Site analogue 88
5.8 The evolution of the static models 89
5.9 Conclusions 91
5.10 References 92
6. Evaluating CO column height retention of cap rocks 97
2
Richard Daniel, John Kaldi
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Mercury injection capillary pressure 98
6.3 Methodology 98
6.4 Pore throat size determination 98
6.5 CO contact angle 99
2
6.6 Determination of seal capacity or column height 101
6.7 Interpreting threshold (breakthrough) pressure 102
6.8 Results for CRC-1 and CRC-2 110
6.9 Conclusions 110
6.10 References 111
7. Geomechanical investigations 113
Eric Tenthorey
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Key data for geomechanical assessment of the Otway site 115
7.3 Geomechanical workflow at the Otway site 118
7.4 3D geomechanical modelling 122
7.5 The Iona gas storage facility as an analogue for CO storage 123
2
7.6 Conclusions 126
7.7 References 126
vii
8. Containment risk assessment 129
Maxwell Watson
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Methodology 129
8.3 Risk assessment context 131
8.4 Storage complex 131
8.5 Risk items 132
8.6 Risk assessment output 138
8.7 Conclusions 139
8.8 References 139
9. Monitoring and verification 141
Charles Jenkins
9.1 Introduction 141
9.2 Designing a monitoring programme 142
9.3 Designing the Otway monitoring programme 144
9.4 Evaluation of monitoring techniques 148
9.5 Conclusions 151
9.6 References 152
10. 2D and 3D seismic investigations for Stages 1 and 2C 155
Boris Gurevich, Roman Pevzner, Milovan Urosevic, Anton Kepic,
Valeriya Shulakova, Eva Caspari, Maxim Lebedev
10.1 Introduction 155
10.2 Modelling seismic response of injected CO in Stage 1 156
2
10.3 Modelling seismic response of CO leakage for 2C 158
2
10.4 Time-lapse repeatability in Stage 1 164
10.5 Time-lapse surface seismic monitoring for Stage 1 171
10.6 Downhole seismic methods for Stage 1 177
10.7 Laboratory studies of CO acoustic response as an adjunct to field studies 188
2
10.8 Conclusions 192
10.9 References 193
11. Seismic and microseismic monitoring 197
Tom Daley, Barry Freifeld, Tony Siggins
11.1 Introduction 197
11.2 High resolution travel time (HRTT) monitoring and offset VSP 197
11.3 Passive seismic monitoring 207
11.4 Microseismic monitoring using surface stations 209
11.5 Conclusions 215
11.6 References 216
viii
12. Monitoring the geochemistry of reservoir fluids 217
Chris Boreham, Barry Freifeld, Dirk Kirste, Linda Stalker
12.1 Introduction 217
12.2 Sampling the Buttress-1 well 217
12.3 Sampling the CRC-1 injection well 218
12.4 Sampling the Naylor-1 monitoring well 220
12.5 Injecting tracers at the CRC-1 injection well 224
12.6 Analytical methods 228
12.7 Composition of hydrocarbons 232
12.8 Formation water composition and behaviour 240
12.9 Constraining CO breakthrough 241
2
12.10 In-reservoir behaviour of tracers 244
12.11 Liquid hydrocarbons 245
12.12 Solid hydrocarbons 245
12.13 Conclusions 247
12.14 References 248
13. Monitoring groundwaters 251
Patrice de Caritat, Allison Hortle, Dirk Kirste
13.1 Introduction 251
13.2 Monitoring groundwater level 252
13.3 Monitoring groundwater composition 253
13.4 Interpreting groundwater results 257
13.5 Groundwater composition 260
13.6 Operational issues relating to groundwater monitoring 261
13.7 Quality control 264
13.8 Conclusions 270
13.9 References 270
14. Soil gas monitoring 273
Ulrike Schacht
14.1 Introduction 273
14.2 Surficial geology 274
14.3 Soil gas sampling at Otway 274
14.4 Analysis of soil gas 275
14.5 Soil gas results 276
14.6 Interpretation of soil gas results 277
14.7 Conclusions 279
14.8 References 279
ix
15. Atmospheric monitoring 281
David Etheridge, Ray Leuning, Ashok Luhar, Zoe Loh,
Darren Spencer, Colin Allison, Paul Steele, Steve Zegelin,
Charles Jenkins, Paul Krummel, Paul Fraser
15.1 Introduction 281
15.2 Sensitivity 282
15.3 Simulated emissions and monitoring design 282
15.4 Background CO 283
2
15.5 Data filtering 288
15.6 Bayesian inverse modelling 289
15.7 Conclusions 290
15.8 References 291
16. Reservoir engineering for Stage 1 293
Jonathan Ennis-King, Lincoln Paterson
16.1 Introduction 293
16.2 Description of field data 293
16.3 Well history 297
16.4 Well locations 297
16.5 Well completions 297
16.6 Initial pre-production conditions 297
16.7 Initial fluid compositions 299
16.8 Production data 299
16.9 Post-production conditions 299
16.10 Composition of injected gas 300
16.11 Downhole pressure and temperature during injection 300
16.12 Tracer injection 301
16.13 Gas and tracer sampling 301
16.14 Post-injection conditions 302
16.15 Simulation approach 303
16.16 Dynamic modelling process 308
16.17 Pre-injection modelling results 310
16.18 Injection and post-injection modelling results 312
16.19 Dynamic storage capacity of a depleted gas field 322
16.20 Conclusions 323
16.21 References 324