Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence

563 Pages·2016·7.83 MB·English

by  Vincent C. Müller (eds.)

Synthese Library 376
Vincent C. Müller Editor
Fundamental
Issues of
Artifi cial
Intelligence
Synthese Library
Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology,
and Philosophy of Science
Volume 376
Editor-in-Chief
OtávioBueno,UniversityofMiami,DepartmentofPhilosophy,USA
EditorialBoard
BeritBrogaard,UniversityofMiami,USA
AnjanChakravartty,UniversityofNotreDame,USA
StevenFrench,UniversityofLeeds,UK
CatarinaDutilhNovaes,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/6607
Vincent C. Müller
Editor
Fundamental Issues
of Artificial Intelligence
123
Editor
VincentC.Müller
FutureofHumanityInstitute
DepartmentofPhilosophy
&OxfordMartinSchool
UniversityofOxford
Oxford,UK
AnatoliaCollege/ACT
Thessaloniki,Greece
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-4957
http://www.sophia.de
SyntheseLibrary
ISBN978-3-319-26483-7 ISBN978-3-319-26485-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-26485-1
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Editorial Note
ThepapersinthisvolumeresultfromthesecondconferenceonthePhilosophyand
Theory of Artificial Intelligence (PT-AI) 21-22.09.2013 that I organised in Oxford
whereIwasaresearchfellow–fordetailsontheconference,seehttp://www.pt-ai.
org/.
Forthisconference,wehad103extendedabstractsubmissionsbythedeadline,
whichwererevieweddouble-blindbyatleasttworeferees.Thirty-foursubmissions,
i.e. 33 %, were accepted for presentation. In a second reviewing phase, submitted
full papers plus papers from invited speakers at the conference and papers from
additional invited authors were openly reviewed and discussed between all these
authors. The second reviewing phase resulted in 9 further rejections, so we now
have 27 submitted papers, 3 from invited speakers and 3 invited ones, for a
total of 33. Finally, the volume was reviewed by the publisher, which resulted in
further revisions.We aregrateful forallthehard work thatwent intothisvolume.
Unfortunately, this process of reviewing, inviting additional authors, revising, re-
reviewing,etc.,tookmuchlongerthananticipatedsowesubmitthefinalversionto
thepublishermorethanoneandahalfyearsaftertheconference.
AnatoliaCollege/ACT,Thessaloniki,Greece VincentC.Müller
19June2015
v
Contents
1 NewDevelopmentsinthePhilosophyofAI.............................. 1
VincentC.Müller
PartI Computing
2 RationalityandIntelligence:ABriefUpdate............................ 7
StuartRussell
3 ComputationandMultipleRealizability................................. 29
MarcinMiłkowski
4 WhenThinkingNeverComestoaHalt:UsingFormal
MethodsinMakingSureYourAIGetstheJobDone
GoodEnough................................................................ 43
TarekR.BesoldandRobertRobere
5 MachineIntelligenceandtheEthicalGrammarofComputability... 63
DavidLeslie
6 IsThereaRoleforComputationintheEnactiveParadigm? ......... 79
CarlosF.BritoandVictorX.Marques
7 NaturalRecursionDoesn’tWorkThatWay:Automatain
PlanningandSyntax ....................................................... 95
CemBozs¸ahin
PartII Information
8 AI, Quantum Information, and External Semantic
Realism:Searle’sObserver-Relativityand
ChineseRoom,Revisited................................................... 115
YoshihiroMaruyama
9 SemanticInformationandArtificialIntelligence....................... 129
AndersonBeraldodeAraújo
vii
viii Contents
10 Information, Computation, Cognition. Agency-Based
HierarchiesofLevels....................................................... 141
GordanaDodig-Crnkovic
11 FromSimpleMachinestoEurekainFourNot-So-Easy
Steps:TowardsCreativeVisuospatialIntelligence...................... 161
Ana-MariaOlte¸teanu
PartIII CognitionandReasoning
12 Leibniz’sArtofInfallibility,Watson,andthePhilosophy,
Theory,andFutureofAI.................................................. 185
SelmerBringsjordandNaveenSundarGovindarajulu
13 TheComputationalTheoryofCognition................................ 203
GualtieroPiccinini
14 RepresentationalDevelopmentNeedNotBe
Explicable-By-Content..................................................... 223
NicholasShea
15 TowardaTheoryofIntelligentComplexSystems:From
SymbolicAItoEmbodiedandEvolutionaryAI ........................ 241
KlausMainzer
16 TheAnticipatoryBrain:TwoApproaches............................... 261
MarkH.Bickhard
17 GeneralHomeostasis,PassiveLife,andtheChallenge
toAutonomy................................................................. 285
StefanoFranchi
18 AdHocHypothesesandtheMonstersWithin .......................... 301
IoannisVotsis
19 Arguably Argumentative: AFormal Approach tothe
ArgumentativeTheoryofReason......................................... 317
SjurK.DyrkolbotnandTrulsPedersen
20 ExplainingEverything..................................................... 341
DavidDavenport
21 WhyEmotionsDoNotSolvetheFrameProblem....................... 355
MadeleineRansom
22 HeXandtheSingleAnthill:PlayingGameswithAuntHillary....... 369
J.M. Bishop, S.J. Nasuto, T. Tanay, E.B. Roesch,
andM.C.Spencer
23 ComputerModelsofConstitutiveSocialPractice ...................... 391
RichardPrideauxEvans
Contents ix
PartIV EmbodiedCognition
24 ArtificialIntelligence:ThePointofView
ofDevelopmentalRobotics ................................................ 415
Jean-ChristopheBaillie
25 TacitRepresentationsandArtificialIntelligence:Hidden
LessonsfromanEmbodiedPerspectiveonCognition.................. 425
ElenaSpitzer
26 Machine Art or Machine Artists?: Dennett, Danto,
andtheExpressiveStance ................................................. 443
AdamLinson
27 Perception,ActionandtheNotionofGrounding....................... 459
AlexandrosTillasandGottfriedVosgerau
28 The Seminal Speculation of a Precursor: Elements
ofEmbodiedCognitionandSituatedAIinAlanTuring............... 479
MassimilianoL.Cappuccio
29 HeideggerianAIandtheBeingofRobots ............................... 497
CarlosHerreraandRicardoSanz
PartV Ethics
30 TheNeedforMoralCompetencyinAutonomousAgent
Architectures................................................................ 517
MatthiasScheutz
31 OrderEffects,MoralCognition,andIntelligence ...................... 529
MarcelloGuariniandJordanBenko
32 ArtificialIntelligenceandResponsibleInnovation ..................... 543
MilesBrundage
33 Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey
ofExpertOpinion .......................................................... 555
VincentC.MüllerandNickBostrom
Chapter 1
New Developments in the Philosophy of AI
VincentC.Müller
Abstract ThephilosophyofAIhasseensomechanges,inparticular:(1)AImoves
away from cognitive science, and (2) the long term risks of AI now appear to
be a worthy concern. In this context, the classical central concerns – such as the
relationofcognitionandcomputation,embodiment,intelligence&rationality,and
information–willregainurgency.
Keywords AI risk (cid:129) Cognitive science (cid:129) Computation (cid:129) Embodiment
(cid:129) Philosophy of AI (cid:129) Philosophy of artificial intelligence (cid:129) Rationality (cid:129)
Superintelligence
1.1 GettingInterestingAgain?
We set the framework for this conference broadly by these questions: “What are
thenecessaryconditionsforartificialintelligence(ifany);whataresufficientones?
Whatdothesequestionsrelatetotheconditionsforintelligenceinhumansandother
naturalagents?Whataretheethicalandsocietalproblemsthatartificialintelligence
raises, or will raise?” – thus far, this was fairly similar to the themes for the 2011
conference(Müller2012,2013).
Thisintroductionisalsoameditationonaremarkbyoneofourkeynotespeakers,
DanielDennett,whowroteonTwitter:“InOxfordfortheAIconference.Iplanto
catchuponthelatestdevelopments.It’sgettinginterestingagain.”(@danieldennett
19.09.2013,11:05pm).IfDennettthinks“it’sgettinginteresting”thatisgoodnews,
anditissignificantthatheremarksthatthisinterestappearsagain.
In the following year, the AAAI invited me to speak about “What’s Hot in the
Philosophy of AI?” (their title) – so the organization of AI researchers around the
world also thinks it might be worthwhile to have a look at philosophy again. And
V.C.Müller((cid:2))
FutureofHumanityInstitute,DepartmentofPhilosophy&OxfordMartinSchool,
UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
AnatoliaCollege/ACT,Thessaloniki,Greece
e-mail:[email protected];http://www.sophia.de
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1
V.C.Müller(ed.),FundamentalIssuesofArtificialIntelligence,
SyntheseLibrary376,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-26485-1_1