Table Of ContentStudies in Classification, Data Analysis,
and Knowledge Organization
Managing Editors Editorial Board
H. H. Bock, Aachen W. H. E. Day, St. John's
o. Opitz, Augsburg E. Diday, Paris
M. Schader, Mannheim A. Ferligoj, Ljubljana
W. Gaul, Karlsruhe
J. C. Gower, Harpenden
D. J. Hand, Milton Keynes
P. Ihm, Marburg
J. Meulmann, Leiden
S. Nishisato, Toronto
F. J. Radermacher, Ulm
R. Wille, Darmstadt
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Titles in the Series
H.-H. Bock and P. Ihm (Eds.)
Classification, Data Analysis, and
Knowledge Organization
M. Schader (Ed.)
Analyzing and Modeling Data
and Knowledge
o.
Opitz, B. Lausen, and R. Klar (Eds.)
Information and Classification
H.-H. Bock, W. Lenski, and M. M. Richter (Eds.)
Information Systems and Data Analysis
E. Diday, Y. Lechevallier, M. Schader, P. Bertrand,
and B. Burtschy (Eds.)
New Approaches in Classification and Data Analysis
Wolfgang Gaul · Dietmar Pfeifer
(Editors)
From Data
to Knowledge
Theoretical and Practical Aspects
of Classification, Data Analysis,
and Knowledge Organization
With 123 Figures
and 57 Tables
, Springer
Professor Dr. Wolfgang Gaul
Universitat Karlsruhe (TH)
Institut fUr Entscheidungstheorie
und Unternehmensforschung
Postfach 6980
76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
Professor Dr. Dietmar Pfeifer
Universitat Oldenburg
FB6 (Mathematik)
Ammerlander HeerstraBe 114-118
26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
From data to knowledse : theoretical and practical aspects of
classification, data analysis, and knowledge organization; with
57 tables I Wolfgang Gaul; Dietmar Pfeifer (ed.). -Berlin;
Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong;
London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo:
Springer, 1995
(Studies in classification. data analysis. and knowledge orglUlization)
ISBN -13: 978-3-540-60354-2 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-79999-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-79999-0
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
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PREFACE
Selected papers presented at the 18th Annual Conference of th~ German
Classification Society GfKl (Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation) are contained in
this volume of 'Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Or
ganization'. The conference took place at the University of Oldenburg in
1994 under the general subject "From Data to Knowledge" and provided an
international forum for participants from theory and practice.
The interdisciplinary character of GfKI - although aspects concerning clas
sification and related areas of data analysis are in the center of interest of
the activities of the society - is one of the reasons that within a process
entitled "From Data to Knowledge" emphasis was laid as well on theoret
ical contributions as on applications in various fields including information
systems and knowledge organization.
More than 330 participants could choose their individual program from more
than 130 presentations included in the scientific program of the conference.
The selected papers of this volume are divided into the following major sec
tions:
Plenary and Semi Plenary Presentations
Classification Related Results and Other Aspects of Data Analysis
Spatial Data Analysis
Applications in Economics
Applications in Linguistics
Applications in Medicine and Biology
- Information Systems and Knowledge Organization
Within the sections the contributions are listed in alphabetical order with
respect to the authors' names. Besides the plenary and semi plenary presen
tations which demonstrate the magnitude of the different scientific directions
originating in classification and related areas the arrangement of the papers
in the sections mentioned gives an overview of the main topics tackled at
the conference. As most contributions contain aspects from different areas
an unambiguous assignment of papers to sections is not possible in all cases.
However, we appreciate that many contributions show in their application
parts that the activities which GfKl supports make an important impact on
various practical fields.
This time, spatial data analysis was intentionally separated from other as
pects of data analysis as the conference attracted a major group of re
searchers from this area.
In this context, we gratefully take the opportunity to acknowledge support
by
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
Land Niedersachsen
Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg
Universitatsgesellschaft Oldenburg e.V.
VI
which made it possible to hold the 18th Annual Conference of GfKl in the
way described.
The final version of this volume was put together at the University of Karls
ruhe by Frank Wartenberg who did an extremely good job in organizing and
supervising typesetting and reproduction of figures. From the students who
helped, at least, Frau Marzena Gajowa and Lars Bjorner should be men
tioned.
Last but not least we thank Dr. Schuster from Springer-Verlag for excellent
cooperation.
Karlsruhe and Oldenburg, July 1995
W. Gaul and D. Pfeifer
Contents
Plenary and Semi Plenary Presentations
Advances in Cluster Analysis Relevant to Marketing Research
P. Arabie, L. Hubert ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Representation of Statistical Structures, Classification and Prediction
Using Multidimensional Scaling
C. M. Cuadras, J. Fortiana, F. Oliva .............. 20
Null Models in Cluster Validation
A. D. Gordon ............ . 32
Classifying Space and Analysing the Consequences: Spatial Analysis of
Health Data
R. Haining ......................... 45
An Ordinal Model for Cluster Analysis - 15 Years in Retrospect
M. F. Janowitz ....................... 58
An Overview and Recent Developments in Dual Scaling
S. Nishisato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Gibbs Sampling in AR Models with Random Walk Priors
W. Polasek, S. Jin ......... . ...... . 86
Finding the Edge of a Poisson Fores't with Inside and Outside
Observations: The Discriminant Analysis Point of View
J. P. Rasson, M. Remon, FI. Henry . . . . . . . . . . 94
Spatial Fibre and Surface Processes - Siereological Estimations and
Applications
K. Sandau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Robustizing Mixture Analysis Using Model Weighting
M. P. Windham ............... . 116
Evaluation of the First Life Table Published in 1888 in Japan
K. Yajima ....................... . 124
Classification Related Results and Other Aspects
of Data Analysis
Incomplete Data Matrices and Tests on Randomly Missing Data
U. Bankhofer ............................ 133
Vlll
Valuations and Hierarchizations
K. Biedermann, R. Wille .............. 141
Recent Developments in Multimode Clustering
T. Eckes . ............... . . . 151
Gaussian Neural Networks Applied to the Cluster Analysis Problem
C. Firmin, D. Hamad .................. . . 159
Graph-Theoretic Models for Testing the Homogeneity of Data
E. Godehardt, A. Horsch ................ . . 167
Least Squares Multidimensional Scaling with Transformed Distances
P. J. F. Groenen, J. de Leeuw, R. Mathar . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Alternatives to Configural Frequency Analysis
P. Ihm, I. Kuchler .......... . 186
Clustering Methods in Fuzzy Control
F. Klawonn, R. Kruse 195
The Excess Mass Approach and the Analysis of Multi-Modality
G. Sawitzki ............................. 203
Mode Extraction by Multivalue Morphology for Cluster Analysis
A. Sbihi, J.-G. Postaire ...................... 212
On the Longest Edge of the Minimal Spanning Tree
E. Tabakis ................. . . .... 222
Detection of Blocks in a Binary Matrix - A Bayesian Approach
W. Vach, K. W. Alt ........................ 231
Spatial Data Analysis
Detection of Spatial Discontinuities in Vegetation Data by a Moving
Window Algorithm
H. Balzter, P. Braun, W. Kohler ................. 243
Spatial Clustering of Neurons by Hypergeometric Disjoint Statistics
J. Krauth .......................... .. 253
A New Approach of Regionalisation by Classifying Hydrological,
Quantities
K.-P. Nieschulz, O. Richter, B. Diekkriiger, A. Liicke . . . . . . 262
The Index-of-Dispersion Test Revisited
D. Pfeifer, H. Ortleb, U. Schleier-Langer, H.-P. Baumer 270
Comparing Spatio-Temporal Patterns from Defaunization Experiments
in Marine Ecology
R. Wilhelm, A. Tecklenborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
IX
Applications in Economics
A Unifying Approach to Benefit Segmentation and Product Line Design
Based on Rank Order Conjoint Data
E. Aust, W. Gaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Classification and Representation Using Conjoint Data
D. Baier, W. Gaul ............... . 298
Overlapping Clustering of Statistical Software Packages for PC
R. Lasch . ........................ . 308
Scenario Analysis with BASICS - Testing the Representativity of the
Results of the Dynamic Probability Adjustment of Scenario Components
with the Help of Classification Methods
M. Missler-Behr .......................... 318
Analysis of Sales Data: A Neural Net Approach
F. Wartenberg, R. Decker ....... . 326
Applications in Linguistics
On the Definition of Inflection
P. ten Hacken . . . . . . . . 337
Computer-Aided Analysis of Vocabulary Acquisition
J. Liedtke .................. . 345
Features and Tags
S. Naumann 353
Semantically Based Universal Definitions of Grammatical Agreement
and Agreement Domain Universals: A Critical Evaluation
P. Schmidt ............................ 360
Towards a Hypermedia, Multilingual, On-Line Resource System for LSP
Users /Learners
W. Wieden, K. Ronacher, A. Weiss, H. Goebl, K. Miiller . . . . 367
Applications in Medicine and Biology
ANew Methodologic Look at Describing the Performance of Diagnostic
Classification Procedures in Medicine
O. Gefeller, H. Brenner ................... 379
Xmed-DD: From Document Processing to Systematic Information
Storage
W. Giere, A. Gregori, C. Luz ............... ... 387
Ribosomal RNA Phylogeny Derived from a Correlation Model of
Sequence Evolution
A. von Haeseler, M. SchOniger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
x
SALBIDH2 - Modifications of the LBI-Method for Automated
Lexicon-Based Indexing of Diagnoses
K. Hofmann, B. Brigl, E. GlUck, R. Haux .... 404
Record Linkage of Anonymous Data by Control Numbers
W. Thoben, H.-J. Appelrath, S. Sauer ..... . 412
Information Systems and Knowledge Organization
Processing Partial Information in Decision Support Systems
F. Dellmann .................. . 423
Consistency Conditions for the Classification in LIS j CI
W. Lenski, M. M. Richter, E. Wette-Roch ............ 433
Using Hypertext for Information Retrieval in STEP jEXPRESS Schemata
H. Liihrsen, H. Wedekind ..................... 442
Two Software Tools Supporting Enduser Oriented Information Retrieval
in Physics '
L. Weisel, B. Diekmann ...................... 450
From Verbal Data to Practical Knowledge
J. ZeIger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Index ....................................... 467
