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FM-UWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN CIRCUITSAND SYSTEMS SeriesEditors MASSIMOALIOTO KOFIMAKINWA NationalUniversityofSingapore DelftUniversityofTechnology Singapore TheNetherlands DENNISSYLVESTER UniversityofMichigan USA ***Indexing: All books published in this series are submitted to Thomson ReutersBookCitationIndex(BkCI),CrossRefandtoGoogleScholar*** The “River Publishers Series in Circuits & Systems” is a series of comprehensive academicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusontheoryandapplicationsofCircuit and Systems. This includes analog and digital integrated circuits, memory tech- nologies, system-on-chip and processor design. The series also includes books on electronic design automation and design methodology, as well as computer aided designtools. Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooksandtextbooks.Thebooksprovideprofessionals,researchers,educators, andadvancedstudentsinthefieldwithaninvaluableinsightintothelatestresearch anddevelopments. Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following: • AnalogIntegratedCircuits • DigitalIntegratedCircuits • DataConverters • ProcessorArchitecures • System-on-Chip • MemoryDesign • ElectronicDesignAutomation Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com The NEC and You Perfect Together: FM-UWB Transceivers Afo CroAmuptroenheonmsioveu sStWudiyr eolfe tshse Systems National Electrical Code Nitz Saputra QualcommInc.,USA Gregory P. Bierals Electrical Design Institute, USAJohn R. Long UniversityofWaterloo,Canada River Publishers Published2017byRiverPublishers RiverPublishers Alsbjergvej10,9260Gistrup,Denmark www.riverpublishers.com DistributedexclusivelybyRoutledge 4ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017,USA FM-UWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems/by Nitz Saputra, JohnR.Long. ©2017RiverPublishers.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystems,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutprior writtenpermissionofthepublishers. RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma business ISBN978-87-93519-16-9(print) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors oromissions. Contents Preface ix ListofFigures xi ListofTables xix ListofAbbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 DesignChallengesandOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 OutlineofthisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 TechnicalBackground 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 DigitalModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Ultra-Wideband(UWB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 FM-UWBModulationScheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5 SpecificationsforFM-UWBTransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.6 ConventionalFM-UWBTransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.7 SurveyofLow-PowerCMOSCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.7.1 Sub-ThresholdCMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.7.2 GainBoostingorQ-EnhancementTechnique . . . . 37 2.7.3 MaximumVoltageSupplyUtilization . . . . . . . . 39 2.7.4 AdaptivePowerControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.7.5 LowComplexityTransceiverArchitecture . . . . . . 41 2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 v vi Contents 3 FM-UWBTransmitter 49 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 FM-UWBTransmitterCircuitDesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2.1 RFCarrierOscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.2 PowerAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.2.3 Sub-CarrierOscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.2.4 TransconductanceAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.5 SAR-FLLCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.6 VoltageandCurrentReferences . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.3 ExperimentalMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.4 SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4 FM-UWBReceiver 69 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2 ProposedFM-UWBReceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3 CircuitDesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.1 RegenerativePreamplifierandFilter . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.2 EnvelopeDetectorandIFAmplifier . . . . . . . . . 77 4.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.5 ConclusionandSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5 FM-UWBTransceiver 91 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2 TransceiverArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.3 TransceiverCircuitDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.3.1 RFCurrent-ControlledRingOscillator . . . . . . . 94 5.3.2 FrequencyTriplerandPowerAmplifier . . . . . . . 95 5.3.3 TransconductanceAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.3.4 RegenerativeAmplifierandBandpassFilter . . . . . 98 5.3.5 EnvelopeDetector,IF-Amplifier,andLimiter . . . . 103 5.3.6 FSKDemodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.3.7 PositiveFeedbackCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.3.8 FrequencyCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Contents vii 6 PowerManagementforFM-UWB 125 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.2 PowerManagementBackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.1 SolarCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.2 Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.2.3 Supercapacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.2.4 DC-DCConverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.3 PowerManagementCircuitDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.3.1 Switched-CapacitorChargePump(SC-CP) . . . . . 140 6.3.2 LowDrop-Out(LDO)Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.3.3 Switched-CapacitorDCConverter(SC-DC) . . . . . 145 6.3.4 ClockGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.3.5 BiasGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.4.1 SC-CPCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.4.2 LDOCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.4.3 SC-DCCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.4.4 PowerManagementSub-System . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Index 169 AbouttheAuthors 173 Preface Significant research effort has been devoted to the study and realization of autonomous wireless systems aimed at wireless sensor and personal-area networking,theinternetofthings,andmachine-to-machinecommunications. Low-power RF integrated circuits, an energy harvester, and a power man- agement circuit are fundamental elements of these systems. All of these components are designed and demonstrated in the form of a compact, low- power frequency-modulated ultrawideband (FM-UWB) transceiver that is describedinthisbook. The FM-UWB modulation scheme was chosen because it offers advan- tages in robustness to interference, and a simple hardware implementation. TheFM-UWBtransceiverprototypesdescribedinthisbookutilizeadvanced circuit design techniques and calibration schemes. They are realized in bulk65-nmand90-nmcomplementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) technology.Thetransceiverispoweredbyasolar-cellantenna(solant),which transmits and receives RF signals while generating power from light falling ontheantennasurface.TorealizeanautonomousRFsystem,aCMOSpower managementcircuitisalsorealizedtointerfacethetransceiverandsolant.Both transceiverandpowermanagementprototypesaredescribedthoroughlyinthis book. Their performance is validated and compared with existing solutions fromtherecenttechnicalliterature. Thematerialinthisbookaredividedinto3mainparts: Chapters 1 and 2 give an introduction to autonomous wireless systems and their application. The FM-UWB scheme, its specification, and prior implementationsaredescribed.Also,circuittechniquesrelatedtolow-power CMOScircuitdesignsarerecommended. Chapters3to5describeFM-UWBtransceiverimplementationsinCMOS technology. Block-level circuit diagrams are detailed, along with a novel digital calibration scheme. Measurement results validating the innovations developedfortheseprototypesarealsopresented. Chapter 6 introduces practical energy sources, storage, and DC-to-DC convertersforanautonomouschip.ACMOSsolarpowermanagementcircuit ix