Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering) PDF
Preview Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering)
cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page i F L U I D M E C H A N I C S FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page ii McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Alciatore and Histand: Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Anderson: Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications Anderson: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Anderson: Introduction to Flight Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow Barber: Intermediate Mechanics of Materials Beer/Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers Beer/Johnston/DeWolf: Mechanics of Materials Borman and Ragland: Combustion Engineering Budynas: Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis Çengel and Boles: Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Çengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications Çengel and Turner: Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences Çengel: Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach Crespo da Silva: Intermediate Dynamics Dieter: Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy Doebelin: Measurement Systems: Application & Design Dunn: Measurement & Data Analysis for Engineering & Science EDS, Inc.: I-DEAS Student Guide Hamrock/Jacobson/Schmid: Fundamentals of Machine Elements Henkel and Pense: Structure and Properties of Engineering Material Heywood: Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Holman: Experimental Methods for Engineers Holman: Heat Transfer Hsu: MEMS & Microsystems: Manufacture & Design Hutton: Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis Kays/Crawford/Weigand: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Kelly: Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations Kreider/Rabl/Curtiss: The Heating and Cooling of Buildings Mattingly: Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion Meirovitch: Fundamentals of Vibrations Norton: Design of Machinery Palm: System Dynamics Reddy: An Introduction to Finite Element Method Ribando: Heat Transfer Tools Schaffer et al.: The Science and Design of Engineering Materials Schey: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes Schlichting: Boundary-Layer Theory Shames: Mechanics of Fluids Shigley/Mischke/Budynas: Mechanical Engineering Design Smith: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Stoecker: Design of Thermal Systems Suryanarayana and Arici: Design and Simulation of Thermal Systems Turns: An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Ugural: Stresses in Plates and Shells Ugural: Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach Ullman: The Mechanical Design Process Wark and Richards: Thermodynamics White: Fluid Mechanics White: Viscous Fluid Flow Zeid: Mastering CAD/CAM cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iii F L U I D M E C H A N I C S FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS YUNUS A. ÇENGEL Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada, Reno JOHN M. CIMBALA Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iv FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 0–07–247236–7 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Suzanne Jeans Managing Developmental Editor: Debra D. Matteson Developmental Editor: Kate Scheinman Senior Marketing Manager: Mary K. Kittell Senior Project Manager: Sheila M. Frank Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane Media Technology Producer: Eric A. Weber Senior Designer: David W. Hash (USE) Cover image: © Getty/Eric Meola, Niagara Falls Senior Photo Research Coordinator: Lori Hancock Photo Research: Judy Ladendorf/The Permissions Group Supplemental Producer: Brenda A. Ernzen Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley Willard, OH Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Çengel, Yunus A. Fluid mechanics : fundamentals and applications / Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala.—1st ed. p. cm.—(McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering) ISBN 0–07–247236–7 1. Fluid dynamics. I. Cimbala, John M. II. Title. III. Series. TA357.C43 2006 620.1'06—dc22 2004058767 CIP www.mhhe.com cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page v D e d i c a t i o n To all students—In hopes of enhancing your desire and enthusiasm to explore the inner workings of our marvelous universe, of which fluid mechanics is a small but fascinating part; our hope is that this book enhances your love of learning, not only about fluid mechanics, but about life. cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vi A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineer- ing from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His research areas are renewable energy, desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. Dr. Çengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynam- ics: An Engineering Approach, 4th edition (2002), published by McGraw-Hill. He is also the author of the textbook Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition (2003), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal- Fluid Sciences, 2nd edition (2005), both published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Italian, and Greek. Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excel- lence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Penn- sylvania State Univesity, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in 1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko, to whom he will be forever grateful. His research areas include experimental and com- putational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air quality, and air pollution control. During the aca- demic year 1993–94, Professor Cimbala took a sabbatical leave from the Uni- versity and worked at NASA Langley Research Center, where he advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and turbulence modeling. Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of the textbook Indoor Air Quality Engineer- ing: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), published by Marcel-Dekker, Inc. He has also contributed to parts of other books, and is the author or co-author of dozens of journal and conference papers. More information can be found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala. Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS). cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vii B R I E F C O N T E N T S C H A P T E R O N E INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 C H A P T E R T W O PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 C H A P T E R T H R E E PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 C H A P T E R F O U R FLUID KINEMATICS 121 C H A P T E R F I V E MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 171 C H A P T E R S I X MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 227 C H A P T E R S E V E N DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269 C H A P T E R E I G H T FLOW IN PIPES 321 C H A P T E R N I N E DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 399 C H A P T E R T E N APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION 471 C H A P T E R E L E V E N FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT 561 C H A P T E R T W E L V E COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 611 C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 679 C H A P T E R F O U R T E E N TURBOMACHINERY 735 C H A P T E R F I F T E E N INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 817 cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page viii C O N T E N T S Preface xv Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Raindrops Have in Common 31 Summary 30 C H A P T E R O N E References and Suggested Reading 30 Problems 32 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1–1 Introduction 2 C H A P T E R T W O What Is a Fluid? 2 Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 1–2 The No-Slip Condition 6 2–1 Introduction 36 1–3 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 7 Continuum 36 1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 37 Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 9 Density of Ideal Gases 38 Internal versus External Flow 10 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2–3 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 39 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 41 Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 Steady versus Unsteady Flow 11 2–5 Coefficient of Compressibility 42 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 12 Coefficient of Volume Expansion 44 1–5 System and Control Volume 14 2–6 Viscosity 46 1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 15 2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 51 Some SI and English Units 16 Capillary Effect 53 Dimensional Homogeneity 18 Unity Conversion Ratios 20 Summary 55 References and Suggested Reading 56 1–7 Mathematical Modeling of Engineering Problems 21 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 57 Modeling in Engineering 21 Problems 58 1–8 Problem-Solving Technique 22 Step 1: Problem Statement 22 C H A P T E R T H R E E Step 2: Schematic 23 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 23 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 Step 4: Physical Laws 23 Step 5: Properties 23 3–1 Pressure 66 Step 6: Calculations 23 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 23 Pressure at a Point 67 Variation of Pressure with Depth 68 1–9 Engineering Software Packages 24 3–2 The Manometer 71 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 25 FLUENT 26 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 74 1–10 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 26 3–3 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 75 3–4 Introduction to Fluid Statics 78 cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page ix ix CONTENTS 3–5 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane C H A P T E R F I V E Surfaces 79 MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 82 EQUATIONS 171 3–6 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 85 5–1 Introduction 172 3–7 Buoyancy and Stability 89 Conservation of Mass 172 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 92 Conservation of Momentum 172 3–8 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 95 Conservation of Energy 172 Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 96 5–2 Conservation of Mass 173 Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 97 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 173 Acceleration on a Straight Path 97 Conservation of Mass Principle 175 Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 99 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 177 Summary 102 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 177 References and Suggested Reading 103 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 178 Problems 103 5–3 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 180 5–4 The Bernoulli Equation 185 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 186 C H A P T E R F O U R Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 186 FLUID KINEMATICS 121 Force Balance across Streamlines 188 Unsteady, Compressible Flow 189 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 189 4–1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 122 Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 190 Acceleration Field 124 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Material Derivative 127 Line (EGL) 192 4–2 Fundamentals of Flow Visualization 129 5–5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 194 Streamlines and Streamtubes 129 5–6 General Energy Equation 201 Pathlines 130 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 202 Streaklines 132 Energy Transfer by Work, W 202 Timelines 134 Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 135 5–7 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 206 Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 136 Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work 4–3 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 136 Devices and Negligible Friction 208 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, a 208 Profile Plots 137 Vector Plots 137 Summary 215 Contour Plots 138 References and Suggested Reading 216 Problems 216 4–4 Other Kinematic Descriptions 139 Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid Elements 139 Vorticity and Rotationality 144 C H A P T E R S I X Comparison of Two Circular Flows 147 4–5 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 148 MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport SYSTEMS 227 Theorem 153 Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT 155 6–1 Newton’s Laws and Conservation Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators 157 of Momentum 228 Summary 156 6–2 Choosing a Control Volume 229 References and Suggested Reading 158 6–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 230 Problems 158 cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 12:13 PM Page x x FLUID MECHANICS 6–4 The Linear Momentum Equation 233 8–3 The Entrance Region 325 Special Cases 235 Entry Lengths 326 Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, b 235 8–4 Laminar Flow in Pipes 327 Steady Flow 238 Steady Flow with One Inlet and One Outlet 238 Pressure Drop and Head Loss 329 Flow with No External Forces 238 Inclined Pipes 331 Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes 332 6–5 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 248 8–5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 335 6–6 The Angular Momentum Equation 250 Turbulent Shear Stress 336 Turbulent Velocity Profile 338 Special Cases 252 The Moody Chart 340 Flow with No External Moments 253 Types of Fluid Flow Problems 343 Radial-Flow Devices 254 8–6 Minor Losses 347 Summary 259 References and Suggested Reading 259 8–7 Piping Networks and Pump Selection 354 Problems 260 Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines 356 8–8 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement 364 Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes 365 C H A P T E R S E V E N Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi, and Nozzle DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269 Meters 366 Positive Displacement Flowmeters 369 Turbine Flowmeters 370 7–1 Dimensions and Units 270 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) 372 7–2 Dimensional Homogeneity 271 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 373 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 375 Nondimensionalization of Equations 272 Vortex Flowmeters 376 7–3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 277 Thermal (Hot-Wire and Hot-Film) Anemometers 377 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 378 7–4 The Method of Repeating Variables and the Particle Image Velocimetry 380 Buckingham Pi Theorem 281 Application Spotlight: How Orifice Plate Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Flowmeters Work, or Do Not Work 383 Nondimensional Parameters 289 Summary 384 7–5 Experimental Testing and Incomplete References and Suggested Reading 385 Similarity 297 Problems 386 Setup of an Experiment and Correlation of Experimental Data 297 Incomplete Similarity 298 C H A P T E R N I N E Wind Tunnel Testing 298 Flows with Free Surfaces 301 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 399 Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies 304 9–1 Introduction 400 Summary 305 References and Suggested Reading 305 9–2 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Problems 305 Equation 400 Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 401 Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control Volume 402 C H A P T E R E I G H T Alternative Form of the Continuity Equation 405 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 406 FLOW IN PIPES 321 Special Cases of the Continuity Equation 406 9–3 The Stream Function 412 8–1 Introduction 322 The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates 412 8–2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 323 The Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates 419 Reynolds Number 324 The Compressible Stream Function 420
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