Explosion-Resistant Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Case Studies PDF
Preview Explosion-Resistant Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Case Studies
M.Y.H. Bangash · T. Bangash Explosion-Resistant Buildings M.Y.H. Bangash · T. Bangash Explosion-Resistant Buildings Design, Analysis, and Case Studies With 286 Figures and 83 Tables Authors Prof.Dr. M.Y.H. Bangash Emeritus Professor of Aerospace & Nuclear Engineering Structures Consulting Engineer Dr. T. Bangash Structural Engineering Consultant 39 Wontner Rd SW177QT London United Kingdom ISBN-103-540-20618-3 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13978-3-540-20618-7 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2005930167 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright. Allrightsarereserved, whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned, specificallytherightsoftranslation, reprinting, reuseofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under GermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com (cid:1)c 2006M.Y.H.Bangash&T.Bangash,London,UK Publishedby: Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc. inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Cover-Design: ErichKirchner,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper 62/3141/YYYu-543210 Preface Manynationshavebecomevictimsofterrorism.Bombshaveexplodedinand around buildings and other structures. Such events have generated consid- erable concern over the ability of countries and governments to protect in- stallations and their occupants against a potential threat of terrorism. Many countries have established defence agencies and research councils who are currently examining the structural integrity of existing buildings and other vital installations. In some countries codified methods have been developed together with the design methodologies and construction techniques to try to protect old installations against vehicle bomb effects in particular. The purpose of this book is to give an exhaustive study of buildings structures resistingexplosionwithandwithoutexternal/internalimpactandfirecaused bysucheffects.Anumberofcasestudieswithdamagescenariosareincluded. The book is divided into various chapters. Chapter 1 gives a review of bomb-affected buildings. Case studies includ- ingAlfredP.MurrahFederalBuildinginOklahomaandWorldTradeCenter (WTC) Twin Towers in New York have been given a wide coverage. Notable explosionsintheworldwithrelevantdataaretabulated.Afterthesethedam- age scenario of the Pentagon building is fully described. This chapter now resorts to the availability of data on major explosive elements, their ingredi- ents and material properties. The last part of this chapter covers guidelines for high-rise fire fighting caused by explosion, giving strategy and tactics, modes and tactics of aggressors, duties and responsibilities of managers and security staff, owners and managers, related to security measures, vehicle barriersystemrequirements,vehiclebombobservationlistandselectionpro- cedures related to a vehicle barrier. Where certain areas could not, for lack of space, be included, relevant references are given to the reader/researcher for an in-depth study. Chapter2isdevotedentirelyonblastandexplosiveloadingsonbuildings. This gives a comprehensive data on explosive and bombs especially related to the well known damage scenarios. A summary is given on recent terrorist attacks. The phenomenology for blast evading on buildings due to vehicle bomb is given. This is followed by blast wave scaling laws. Blast loads and modelling whether internal or external are summarised giving all analytical and design equations for a reader to assimilate. Basic parameters of a bomb blast including computational aspects of transient over pressures, reflected VI Preface shocks in relation to peak pressure loading and total impulse, magnitude in TNT, stand-off distance and altitude, structural orientation with respects to the explosive and the ground are given much in greater detail. Stress waves and blast waves are explained with analytical methods. Explosions of spherical charges with full implementation are given. This is followed by the methodology of explosion in air. Analytical models are given for the impulse of incident pressure, thickness of shock front, stagnation pressure, oblique shock and shock reflection, whether normal or oblique. Next various modes of internal blast and load modelling with respect to building’s structural re- sponse and modes are given in much greater detail. Various pressures-time relations in graphical shapes based on research work carried out by many scholars are given as novel examples. This chapter is fully supported by ref- erences for future individual endeavours. Chapter 3 gives a comprehensive treatment of fire in buildings with and withoutexplosion/impact.Thesubjectiscleanlyintroduced.Thisisfollowed byloadingsandstructuralrestraints.Preandpostflashoverdesignsfiresare givenadetailedtreatment.Forthebasisoftemperature-timerelation,tables are showing data and factors for enclosures. Major analysis is given to cover the relevant area. The authors choose the place at this stage to introduce material properties with compressive tables and graphs defining various pa- rameters. Methods of analysis and design are introduced using codified and numericalmethodsandtechniques.Theyaresupportedbydetailedanalyses, tables and graphs. Various design examples based on British, American and European practices are given to explain the usage of analytical and design techniques. Structural elementss in different materials are designed against the fire. A detailed chapter is given on the global analysis of buildings under fire using finiteelement. Since fire is generally associated with structuresun- der impact and impulsive loads and explosion whether internal or external, the reader/researcher/designer can now easily handle any kind of scenario. Methods of analysis related to structural response to blast loadings are now thoroughly dealt with Chap. 4. A sound introduction to the subject is given.Methodsofanalysis,numericalandanalyticaltoolsareunderlined.One ofthemethodsknownasdiscreetelementmethodwhichhasbeenadoptedfor Oklahoma building is fully dealt with. The philosophy of structural response analysis to blast loading has been fully exhausted by developing analyti- cal/numerical models while fully supported by examples, graphs and tables. Additional response for shock loading has been introduced. The remaining part of this chapter is devoted entirely to the finite/discrete element of tech- nology which eventually has been applied later on to the damage scenario of the Oklahoma building in the USA. Chapter 5 now deals with the design of structural elements under blast loads.Themainideaistoincludeinthedesigntheblastresponseresistance. Thesubjectisbrieflyintroduced.Variouscharts,graphsandtablescontaining dataandparametersarenowactingasdesignaids.Practicaldesignexamples basedonBritishandAmericanpracticesaregiven.Theyshowhowblastsare Preface VII converted into design loads and structural elements in various materials are designed. Apart from steel and concrete elements, an emphasis is placed on thebehaviourofglassandglazingmaterialssubjecttoblastloads.Thefinite elementtechniqueisappliedtosolveacasestudyrelatedtoglassintheblast environment. Instructuralanalysiswhenthestructureislocatedwithrespecttotwoor more media, the interactive analysis is needed to integrate the media in the globalanalysis.Thesamecanbeappliedtotwodifferentmaterialsinteracting witheachother.Theinteractionisbroughtaboutbycontactorgapelements. This subject is nicely covered in Chap. 6. Commercial firms or bureaus have developed various such elements. The major ones are documented in this chapter which have already been tested in other fields of engineering. Aircraft/missile impact data analysis is now compiled in Chap. 7. Basic impactdynamicsisinitiallyintroduced.Dataoncivilianandmilitaryaircraft are given in detail so that they can be useful during the imputing of various computer programs. Various equations have been developed for normal and oblique impact. Aircraft impacts on structures are introduced and analytical model is devised for the formulation of various relevant computer programs. The load-time function has been established together with impact modelling developed by a number of researchers. Military, airforce and navy missiles and impactors with their relative data are included. The damage scenario can be checked by various noted empirical formulae devised for structural perforation, penetration, scabbing, spalling and rupture. They are included in this chapter. Comprehensive lists of reference are given at the end for an in-depth study. Since the collapse of the WTC towers, it is now necessary to include a chapter on aircraft hot fuel-structure interaction during aircraft impact conditions. A comprehensive investigation is reported in Chap. 8. The data on WTC towers and impactors are included in this chapter. The hot fuel interactionanalysiswithtowercomponentshasbeenthoroughlyinvestigated. Thedamagescenarioshavebeenestablished.Relevantreferencesareincluded for those who are deeply interested to pursue their future research interests in this area. When impact, explosion alone or in combination, occurs, fire is bellowed, together firing debris, as witnessed in WTC disaster scenario. Scattering fly- ing objects are the results. Chapter 9 examines the identity of the form and location of unknown elements inside a given surrounding medium. It is pro- posed to measure wave reflection data in space and time. Hybrid finite el- ement/difference method is developed in three dimensions where scattering can be performed with time periodic or known data in the form of short im- pulses. The basic mathematical tool was devised which amounts to numer- ically solving the time-dependent elastic wave equation with given material coefficients.Finallythescatteringphenomenonofobjectswasachievedusing the TIME-DOMAIN approach. Program FEMVIEW was linked to view the VIII Preface damagescenario.ThecomputerisedversionwasidenticaltotheactualWTC scenario. This chapter is supported by useful references. Chapter 10 is a vast chapter of the book which deals with the building globalanalysisforthedamagescenario.Herealltheworkgivenforindividual research/design areas given in Chaps. 1 to 9 is combined to form a global analysisfortallspatialstructures.Linearandnon-linearanalysesareachieved by modelling prototype structures as assemblages of line and panel members using static and dynamic load influences. Framed and cored structures are considered.Analyticalandnumericalmodelsareincludedfullysupportedby data, graphs, tables and plates. Various scenarios are considered such as impact-cum-fire, explosion-cum- fire, impact-cum-explosion and in other combinations. On structural sides, methods of analysis for framed and core systems are given in much greater detail. Comparisons are given in each case to validate the methodology and assumptions. Where shear walls are have been introduced as random struc- tures, a comprehensive 3D analysis is separately given. A section is given for thelocalandglobalstabilityanalysis.Bothfiniteelementandfinite/discrete element techniques have been used with the Damage model. Global analysis with PROGRAM BANGF has been performed. The reader is given a flow chart which indicates how an integrated analysis has been philosophised. Based on this integrated analysis, case studies were se- lected, the prominent of them is the Twin Tower (WTC, New York) collapse scenario and the Oklahoma building known as The Alfred Murrah Build- ing. The WTC building was chosen for the application of the 3D finite el- ement analysis. Identical damage scenario have been obtained. A compre- hensive analytical and numerical works are included on Finite/Discrete El- ement Method. The computer program given in the Appendix I based on this method is applied on the Oklahoma building. The damage scenario is produced. Both analytical works are fully supported by comprehensive data, tests, original drawings and charts. The results are meaningful as far as possible. An up to date references are included in this chapter for future studies. To crown all, each chapter contains numerous analytical and design ex- amplesselectedonthebasisofexistingconstructedfacilities.Examplesfrom bothanalysisanddesignhavebeenselectedusingvariouspractices.Thispro- vides the reader with a wide coverage of the international scene. Wherever new codes are operational, such as the Eurocodes, they have received due consideration. This is clear from the contents of the book where such codes give the reader an opportunity to study the comparative analytical and de- sign tools in buildings and their structural components subject to explosion, impact and fire. This book is supported by a comprehensive bibliography of each chapter forthosewhointendtocarryoutin-depthstudyintheirindividualprojects. ThebookcarriesalargeAppendixwhich coversthebackground analyses and computer subroutines required to execute complicated analyses and de- Preface IX signs of building structures and their components. With slight adjustments, these can be linked easily to a number of relevant computer packages. This book will be of use to researchers and practicing engineers, design- ers, defence agencies, government departments, technologists, mathemati- cians and specialists in computer-aided techniques of building construction. Themajordesignexampleswillbebeneficialtobuilding,civil,structuraland mechanical engineers who are involved in static and transient load analyses. Specialistsinwind,earthquakeandexplosionengineeringdisciplineswillalso find this book extremely useful. The topics covered in this book are within the syllabuses of postgradu- ate courses at various universities. Both lecturers and students should find the text relevant to their projects and research theses in fields of explosion, impact, shock and fire. This book acts as a technical guide for defence and disaster agencies, re- search establishments, computer-aided bureaux, construction companies and for those who wish to validate experimental test results and on-site monitor- ing data. Many consultants in the building trade would find this book ex- tremely useful in the design of building structures to be checked or designed for explosion, aircraft/missile impact and fire, aircraft impact and fire. Greatefforthasbeenmadebytheauthortohighlightallaspectsofanaly- sisanddesignrelatedtoexplosioninbuildingstructures.Thecontentsofthe book have been carefully selected to cover major analytical, numerical and design problems associated with building structures. Certain areas could not be presented in this text, but the author has given many references instead, and has included an extensive bibliography to enable the reader to carry out an in-depth study satisfactorily. Inthisbook,ithasbeennecessarytodispensewithchaptersandtoreplace them appendices. This is because each topic is an entity in itself and needs to be encompassed within a chapter. One can, therefore, consider this to a large book comprising a series of mini-books with different titles. A total of ten chapters are included in this volume. Althoughtheauthorshavegivenaseparateacknowledgement,theywould be failing in their duty if they did not thank those whose names are men- tioned in the text. Matina Theodoropoulou for overall work on typing this manuscript. Finally, but not least the authors would like to thank from the deepest of their heart, Matina’s friend and great human being with so many skills and a great driving for progress and success, Mr Vas from Greece, now living in Peckham.ThankyouVas.VaswouldliketothankDJTiestoforkeepinghim entertained with his brilliant music during the long hours of working on this manuscript. London, September 2005 M.Y.H. Bangash T. Bangash X Preface Acknowledgements Theauthorsareindebtedtomanyindividuals,institutions,organizationsand research establishments mentioned in the book, for helpful discussions and for providing useful practical data and research material. Theauthorsoweaspecialdebtofgratitudetotheirfamilieswhoprovided unwavering support, especially Dr. F.N. Bangash for checking some of the hand calculations and for checking the final layout. We also wish to acknowledge the help given by the following: Mr Mike Chrimes and his staff, the Institution of Civil Engineers Library, London The Institution of Structural Engineers Library, London The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), New York The American Concrete Institute, Detroit The Concrete Society, London The Royal Institute of British Architects, London The British Cement Association, UK The British Library, St Pancras, London The Institute of Chemical Engineers Library, Derby, UK The MUTO Institute, Tokyo The Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo The Chinese Society of Civil Engineers, Beijing The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London Der Bauingenieur, Germany Times Index, Research Publications, Reading, UK The Ministry of the Environment, UK The British Standards Institution, London The Building Research Establishment, UK The European Union Library, Brussels, Belgium The ASEAN Countries, Central Library, Korea Bird Air Structures Incorporation, USA Mero-Raumstruktur GmbH & Co., Germany The International Journal Shell & Spatial Structures, Madrid, Spain The International Union of Architects (UIA), New York The British Steel Corporation, London The United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh The National Science Foundation, Washington, DC The Steel Construction Institute, UK Palai du Centre Naturel des Industries et Technique, Paris M/S Geodesic Techniques PVT Ltd., Bangalore, India Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Lehigh University, PA, USA Nippon Steel, Tokyo Skidmore, Owings & Merill, Chicago, USA Preface XI US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC BCV Progetti Srl, Milan Artech Inc., Taipei Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Brisbane Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd., Tokyo Rahulan Zain Associates, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Shimizu Corporation, Tokyo Steen Consultants Pty Ltd., Singapore Weidlinger Associates, New York M/S Speco Engineering Ltd., New Delhi, India M/S Octalube Space Structures (India) PVT Ltd., Chennai, India Nihon Sekki Ltd., Tokyo US Federal Emergency Managements Agency, Washington D.C. SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA Japan Society for Earthquake Research, Tokyo Natural Science and Engineering, Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Quebec ASCE Task Force on Wind Forces, ASCE, New York Beratende Ingenieure VBI, Hamburg, Germany Dr. Ing. Fritz No¨¨tzold, Consulting Engineers, Langen, Germany Michael Joseph Ltd., USA Theauthorsareindebtedtothefollowingfortheirtremendoushelpinprovid- ing advice and materials in the form of experimental results, data, drawings and background design during this research period: Dr. W.G. Corley of CTL Laboratories, Skokie 60077, Illinois, USA Dr. J. Bardwell of CTL Laboratories, Skokie 60077, Illinois, USA Edward R. Sturm, President of Sturm Engineering Company, Oklahoma, USA Mr Mike Chrimes, Chief Librarian, The Institution of Civil Engineers, Lon- don, UK The American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia FEMA, 500 C Street, S W Washington D.C., USA Professor Bachman formerly of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland Mrs Natalie Ammann of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland Dr. Walter Ammann of Eidgeno¨¨ssisches Institut fffu¨r Schnee-und-Lawinenfor- schung, SLF, Davos, Switzerland Kirkpatrick Consulting Engineers of Oklahoma, USA The authors also appreciative of the efforts of those authors and re- searchers mentioned in the references and bibliography.
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