emerging engineering applications and bio-sciences

106 Pages·2015·3.49 MB·English

An International Journal of
EMERGING ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
AND BIO-SCIENCES
(IJEEAS)
RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
VOLUME II
RAJA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
24/5, Meadavilai, Muttacadu - 629 189
Tamilnadu, INDIA
International Journal of Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science
PREFACE
It is with immeasurable happiness that the International Journal of
Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science (IJEEAS) brings out its
second volume of the Journal publication with a renewed energy and
vitality keeping in mind the new demands and needs of keeping pace with
the change and knowledge & technology-driven world.
India today needs international-standard research-based home of
Institutions that would support modern research and also create potential
resources for innovative research and education in the rapid changing and
technology-driven world of the current century.
The IJEEABS is doing its best to recognize and make true this
concept. The Raja Institute of Science and Technology comprehends the
fact that it is its primary duty to update and adapt itself rapidly to the
needs of the world to make education and research flourishing, significant
and pertinent. The Institution is proud of the reality that it is in the
process of accomplishing its objectives by means of the dedicated and
hardworking efforts of its teachers and researchers.
The Journal Authority expresses its gratitude for the researchers
who have published their research works in our Journal. The Editorial
Board of this journal would expect suggestions and earnestly hope your
precious and productive implications would make our publication
successful and fruitful.
Journal Authority
IJEEABS
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International Journal of Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science
CONTENTS
BIOGAS PRODUCTION USING VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL WASTES 4
JATROPHA CURCAS AS ABIODIESEL PLANT -MYTHS AND FACTS 10
BIODEGRADATION OF AZO DYES BY HALOBACILLUS SP. 24
PRODUCTION, OPTIMISATION, CHARACTERISATION AND PARTIALPURIFICATION OF L-ASPARAGINASE FROM
ASPERGILLUS NIGER 40
ISOLATION OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING ACTINOMYCETES FROM SOIL, PURIFICATION AND
CHARACTERISATION 51
MICROBIAL PRODUCTIONOF BIOSURFACTANTS 59
DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM BY MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH PETROL
AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS 66
ABSTRACTS OF EMINENT PERSONALITIES 82
PAST-MODERNTRENDSINBIOTECHNOLOGY 83
JATROPHACURCASASABIODIESELPLANT–FACTSANDMYTHS 84
BIOFUELASANALTERNATIVESUSTAINABLEFUELTOFOSSILFUEL 85
EFFECTIVEMICROORGANISMS 87
BIOMEDICALWASTEMANAGEMENT 89
WEALTHFROMWASTES–EDIBLEMUSHROOMCULTIVATION 92
APPLICATIONOFBIOTECHNOLOGYINTREATMENTOFHEAVYMETALCONTAMINATEDINDUSTRIALWASTE
WATER-ACASESTUDY 97
BIOLOGICALCONTROLFORSUSTAINABLEAGRICULTUREANDENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT 98
BIOFERTILIZER 99
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International Journal of Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science
BIOGAS PRODUCTIONUSINGVARIOUSAGRICULTURAL
WASTES
Bharathi Prakash*and Sumangala C.H.
Department of Microbiology,University College, Mangalore, Karnataka
*Corresponding author
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Biogas is a naturally occurring by product of the breakdown of the organic material
and is actively produced from a variety of source including animal waste, municipal solid
waste, agricultural wastes using a process called anaerobic digestion. The study was under
taken to check the production of maximum biogas using various agricultural wastes (Areca
nut, Husk, Cauliflower leaves, Cow dung, Mixture, Bagasse).The experiment was done in
bottles of 750 ml capacity using various feed stock and cow dung. To provide anaerobic
condition and to collect the amount of biogas produced in each feedstock bottle balloons were
fixed. By Serial dilution technique the bacteria were isolated from the bottles after 21days
and identified by Gram staining. The carbohydrate fermenting capacity of the isolates was
also determined.
Of the various feed stocks used, maximum biogas production was obtained from
bagasse within 9 days that was observed by the balloons fixed to the bottle neck. Gram
positive bacilli were predominantly found in the cow dung and bagasse and utilized all the
three sugars glucose, sucrose, lactose tested for carbohydrate fermentation. Hence the mixture
of cow dung and bagasse has proved to give better yield of biogas and is economical too.
Keywords: Biogas, Bagasse, Cow dung, Agricultural waste, Biofuel
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a type of bio fuel. It is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of
biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure or sewage, municipal waste, green waste
and energy crops [1]. With depletion of fissile fuels, increasing crude oil demands with
increasing pollution and population, there is a need of alternative regenerative fuel source like
biogas. Millions of tons of wastes are generated each year from agricultural, municipal and
industrial sources. Agricultural wastes including live stock manure are source of solid waste
that can be used as the feedstock to produce biogas. Different agricultural waste materials are
used for biogas production in the laboratory. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is
a used as a major source of household energy a type of bio fuels [1].Biogastypically refers to
a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of
oxygen. In this study various agricultural waste like areca nut, husk Cauliflower leaves, Cow
dung, Bagasse were used with cow dung as inoculums. Glass bottles capped with air tight
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International Journal of Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science
balloons are used the anaerobic digester. This comparative study determines that bagasse is
the efficient feedstock to generate high yield of biogas.
The aim of the study was to determine the production of maximum biogas using
various agricultural wastes. For this purpose, arecanut, husk Cauliflower leaves, Cow dung,
Bagasse and its mixture was used as the raw material for the production of biogas.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in6 sterilized glass bottles of 750 ml capacity using various
feed stock and cow dung for analyzing the amount of biogas produced by each feedstock. In
each bottle 50g of feedstock substrate materials and 50g of cow dung was added and bottles
were labeled. In one of the bottles, a mixture of 50g cow dung and 12.5g of each feed stalk
was added and bottle was marked as ‘mixture’. In a bottle marked as cow dung there was
only 100 gm of cow dung. 200ml of distilled water was added to every bottle. Cow dung
mainly serves as the inoculums with methanogenic bacteria. Good quality balloons without
any hole were fixed to the opening of the bottles and made air tight as shown in the figure1.
The bottles were incubated at room temperature for 21 days. Twice a day, the contents of the
bottles were mixed by shaking the bottle. Production of biogas in the balloons was observed
daily and recorded.
The amount of biogas produced by each feedstock was measured by the rise in the
volume of the balloons tied to the respective bottles. The measurement of biogas was done by
measuring the diameter of the balloon by a thread and thereby measuring its length in cm.
The radius of the balloon was considered for the calculation of volume using a formula V =
⁄ πr³.
⁴₃
OBSERVATION AND RESULT
The result of biogas formation from day one to 21 days of incubation in all the
feedstock is given in the table 1. Out of the various feed stocks used maximum biogas
production was obtained from bagasse with cow dung within 9 days that was observed by the
balloons fixed to the bottle neck.
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International Journal of Emerging Engineering Applications and Bio-Science
ISOLATION OF BACTERIA FROM FERMENTED FEED STALK
After measuring the biogas formation in each bottle, bacteria were isolated from the
bottles after 21 days by Serial dilution technique and plating on Nutrient agar. The CFU were
counted and Gram character was studied by Gram staining. The carbohydrate fermenting
capacity of the bacterial isolates was also determined.
CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION
For this purpose, sugar media of glucose, sucrose and lactose respectively were
prepared separately and sterilized with Durham tube. The bacterial isolates were inoculated
in each carbohydrate broth and incubated at 37OC for 24-48hours. The results of acid and gas
production were recorded. Gram positive bacteria were predominantly found in the cow
dung. The bacteria from the mixture of Bagasse and cow dung utilized all the three sugars
tested for the fermentation accompanied by gas formation. Bottles containing Cauliflower,
Husk and Mixture also shoed comparatively good amount of biogas formation. The lowest
amount of biogas was formed in the bottles containing areca nut and cow dung.
Table 1:Biogas production(cm3) using different feed stalk
Day Volume of biogas produced in cm3
AN CL CD HK MX SB
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 48 40 10 48 24 60
6 64 60 15 34 32 72
9 72 68 20 78 36 100
12 90 84 36 78 48 100
15 90 84 50 78 80 100
18 90 84 60 78 80 100
21 90 84 60 78 80 100
Note:AN=areca nut ,CL= Cauliflower leaves ,CD = Cow dung ,HK = Rice barn ,MX =
Mixture ,B= Sugarcane Bagasse, Volume of biogas produced in cm3
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DISCUSSION
Biogas had been generated from various biomass waste. [2]. The biogas consists
mainly of methane (55-60%), CO (30-35%) and H (5-10%); burning this gives an energy
2 2
efficiency of >85%, compared with 60% for burning bagasse. [2]. Various studies have been
conducted on the biogas production using waste from various agricultural, dairy waste, palm
head ash solution, municipal sewage, cotton seed etc. [3- 4]. Feedstock of crop residues have
more lignocellulose content with low nitrogen content. Hence for optimizing the Carbon to
Nitrogen ratio of agricultural residues, co-digestion with sewage sludge, animal manure or
poultry litter is recommended [5-7]. Temperature and pH also plays an important role in the
good yield of biogas production. Four basic types of microorganism are involved in the
production of biogas from agricultural feed stock (Biomass). Hydrolytic bacteria break down
complex organic waste into sugar and amino acids. Fermentative bacteria then convert those
products into organic acids. These acids will be converted to hydrogen, carbon dioxide and
acetate by acidogenic microorganism. Later, the methanogenic bacteria produce biogas using
the availableacetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Complete anaerobic condition favours
the biogas production.Cow dung is a source of biogas forming bacteria hence it was added as
inoculums [8-9]. The similar set up of anaerobic digester was formed for the biogas
production in the lab using airtight bottles. Bottles containing Cauliflower, Husk and Mixture
also shoed comparatively good amount of biogas formation. The lowest amount of biogas
was formed in the bottles containing areca nut and cow dung.
Sugarcane bagasse being rich in sugar and moisture serves as a good source of
nutrients for the anaerobic bacteria present in the cow dungto digests the bagasse effectively
generating good amount of biogas. This fact is supported by the carbohydrate fermentation of
sugars carried out using the material from the Bagasse bottle. Bottles containing Cauliflower,
Husk and Mixture also showed comparatively good amount of biogas formation. The lowest
amount of biogas was formed in the bottles containing areca nut and cow dung. In the cow
dung bottle there was no substrate available for anaerobic digestion hence gas formation was
less. .High content of cellulose in areca nut was difficult to digest for the bacteria present in
the cow dung. Hence there was no noticeable biogas formation. As bagassse has given good
yield, it can be used the large scale biogas production.
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This study identifies efficient feedstock materials to be used to generate maximum
biogas. Further efficiency check can be done by studying this under different environmental
factors and parameters. As this is a “mini pilot study”, it needs further qualitative and
quantitative analysis of biogas for large scale production. In the north and south part of
Karnataka and India, there are many sugar factories. [10] The bagasse generated can be
effectively used for the biogas production using cow dung to give clean, safe and smokeless
biogas for the beneficiaries. This co-digestion helps farmers to use own agricultural waste
together with other organic substrates. As a result, they can generate additional revenues by
treating and managing organic waste from other sources and by selling and/or using the
products viz heat, electricity and constant source of stabilised bio fertiliser [11]. By adding
large scale trial parameters,this concept can be applied from “Lab- to –Land” as a renewable
energy source.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors thank the department of Microbiology, University College, Mangalore,
Karnataka for supporting the research work.
REFERENCES
1. A.C, Jeffery, J.V. Peter, J.J.B.R. William and. M.G. James, Predicting methane
fermentation. Biodegradability, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Nigerian Symposium,
11: 93-117, 1981.
2. G. L, Shukla and Prabhu, K. A. Bio-gas production from sugarcane biomass and agro-
industrial waste. Book Sugarcane: agro-industrial alternatives.1995 pp. 157-170,ISBN
81-204-0948-5.
3. A. C. 1, Ofomatah and Okoye C. O. B. , The effects of cow dung inoculum and palm
head ash-solution treatment on biogas yield of Bagasse,International Journal of Physical
Sciences Vol. 8(5), pp. 193-198, 9 February, 2013, ISSN 1992 - 1950 ©2013 Academic
Journals
4. M. Hamed, El-Mashad and Ruihong Zhang, Biogas production from co-digestion of
dairy manure and food waste, BioresourceTechnology, 101(11), 4021–4028, 2010
5. http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/anaerobic-digestion-crop-residues/
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