Embedded Systems

784 Pages·2013·29.319 MB·English

by  Lyla B Das

EEMMBBEEDDDDEEDD SSYYSSTTEEMMSS
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd ii 77//33//22001122 44::1166::5577 PPMM
Th e teacher, who is indeed wise, does not
bid you to enter the house of his wisdom
but rather leads you to the threshold of
your mind.
—Khalil Gibran
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd iiii 77//33//22001122 44::1166::5588 PPMM
EEMMBBEEDDDDEEDD SSYYSSTTEEMMSS
An Integrated Approach
LYLA B DAS
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology Calicut
Kozhikode, Kerala
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 77//33//22001122 44::1166::5588 PPMM
Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior
written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the
right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 9788131787663
eISBN 9789332511675
Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India
Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd iivv 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM
Th is book is dedicated
to my children
and
to all my students
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd vv 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM
This page is intentionally left blank.
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM
c o n t e n t s
Preface xiii
About the Author xix
Part I
Design Aspects of Embedded Systems 1
0
Basics of Computer Architecture and the Binary Number System 3
0.1 Basics of Computer Architecture 3
0.2 Computer Languages 8
0.3 RISC and CISC Architectures 10
0.4 Number Systems 11
0.5 Number Format Conversions 13
0.6 Computer Arithmetic 21
0.7 Units of Memory Capacity 30
Key Points of this Chapter 31
Questions 31
Exercises 32
1
Introduction to Embedded Systems 34
1.1 Application Domain of Embedded Systems 35
1.2 Desirable Features and General Characteristics of Embedded Systems 35
1.3 Model of an Embedded System 37
1.4 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller 37
1.5 Example of a Simple Embedded System 40
1.6 Figures of Merit for an Embedded System 41
1.7 Classifi cation of MCUs: 4/8/16/32 Bits 42
1.8 History of Embedded Systems 44
1.9 Current Trends 45
Key Points of this Chapter 45
Questions 46
Exercises 46
2
Embedded Systems—The Hardware Point of View 47
2.1 Microcontroller Unit (MCU) 48
2.2 A Popular 8-bit MCU 50
2.3 Memory for Embedded Systems 64
2.4 Low Power Design 78
2.5 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors 79
vii
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM
viii CONTENTS
Key Points of this Chapter 84
Questions 85
Exercises 85
3
Sensors, ADCs and Actuators 86
3.1 Sensors 87
3.2 Analog to Digital Converters 97
3.3 Actuators 104
Key Points of this Chapter 130
Questions 131
Exercises 132
4
Examples of Embedded Systems 133
4.1 Mobile Phone 133
4.2 Automotive Electronics 139
4.3 Radio Frequency Identifi cation (RFID) 143
4.4 Wireless Sensor Networks (WISENET) 145
4.5 Robotics 146
4.6 Biomedical Applications 150
4.7 Brain Machine Interface 151
Key Points of this Chapter 156
Questions 156
Exercises 157
5
Buses and Protocols 158
5.1 Defi ning Buses and Protocols 158
5.2 On-board Buses for Embedded Systems 166
5.3 External Buses 172
5.4 Automotive Buses 188
5.5 Wireless Communications Protocols 194
Key Points of this Chapter 202
Questions 203
Exercises 203
6
Software Development Tools 204
6.1 Embedded Program Development 204
6.2 D ownloading the Hex File to the Non-volatile Memory 211
6.3 Hardware Simulator 215
Key Points of this Chapter 216
Questions 216
Exercises 217
Part II
Software Design Aspects 219
7
Operating System Concepts 221
7.1 Embedded Operating Systems 223
7.2 Network Operating Systems (NOS) 223
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM
CONTENTS ix
7.3 Layers of an Operating System 223
7.4 History of Operating Systems 224
7.5 Functions Performed by an OS (Components of an OS) 225
7.6 Some Terms Associated with Operating Systems and Computer Usage 230
7.7 The Kernel 231
7.8 Tasks/Processes 234
7.9 Scheduling Algorithms 239
7.10 Threads 250
7.11 Interrrupt Handling 251
7.12 Inter Process (Task) Communications (IPC) 252
7.13 Task Synchronization 257
7.14 Semaphores 265
7.15 Priority Inversion 266
7.16 Device Drivers 268
7.17 Codes/Pseudo Codes for OS Functions 272
Key Points of this Chapter 287
Questions 287
Exercises 288
8
Real-time Operating Systems 290
8.1 Real-time Tasks 290
8.2 Real-time Systems 294
8.3 Types of Real-time Tasks 294
8.4 Real-time Operating Systems 296
8.5 Real-time Scheduling Algorithms 298
8.6 Rate Monotonic Algorithm 302
8.7 The Earliest Deadline First Algorithm 306
8.8 Qualities of a Good RTOS 308
Questions 309
Exercises 309
9
Programming in Embedded C 311
9.1 Embedded C 311
9.2 PIC Programming Using MPLAB 328
Key Points of this Chapter 331
Questions 331
Exercises 332
Part III
Popular Microcontrollers Used
in Embedded Systems 333
10
ARM—The World’s Most Popular 32-bit
Embedded Processor (Part I – Architecture
and Assembly Language Programming) 335
10.1 History of the ARM Processor 335
10.2 ARM Architecture 344
10.3 Interrupt Vector Table 348
AA0011__99778888113311778877666633__FFMM..iinndddd iixx 77//33//22001122 44::1177::0022 PPMM