Dreaming: A Very Short Introduction Very Short Introductions are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes – a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANARCHISM Colin Ward CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw CLASSICS Mary Beard and ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY John Henderson Julia Annas CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard ANCIENT WARFARE THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon Harry Sidebottom CONSCIOUSNESS Sue Blackmore THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE Continental Philosophy John Blair Simon Critchley ANIMAL RIGHTS COSMOLOGY Peter Coles David DeGrazia CRYPTOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn Fred Piper and Sean Murphy ARCHITECTURE DADA AND SURREALISM Andrew Ballantyne David Hopkins ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes Darwin Jonathan Howard ART HISTORY Dana Arnold Democracy Bernard Crick ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland DESCARTES Tom Sorell THE HISTORY OF DREAMING J. Allan Hobson ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin DRUGS Leslie Iversen Atheism Julian Baggini THE EARTH Martin Redfern Augustine Henry Chadwick EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch BARTHES Jonathan Culler EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY THE BIBLE John Riches BRITAIN Paul Langford BRITISH POLITICS EMOTION Dylan Evans Anthony Wright EMPIRE Stephen Howe Buddha Michael Carrithers ENGELS Terrell Carver BUDDHISM Damien Keown Ethics Simon Blackburn CAPITALISM James Fulcher The European Union THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe John Pinder CHOICE THEORY EVOLUTION Michael Allingham Brian and Deborah Charlesworth CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson FASCISM Kevin Passmore FOUCAULT Gary Gutting NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner THE FRENCH REVOLUTION NINETEENTH-CENTURY William Doyle BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and FREE WILL Thomas Pink H. C. G. Matthew Freud Anthony Storr NORTHERN IRELAND Galileo Stillman Drake Marc Mulholland Gandhi Bhikhu Parekh PARTICLE PHYSICS GLOBALIZATION Manfred Steger Frank Close GLOBAL WARMING Mark Maslin paul E. P. Sanders HEGEL Peter Singer Philosophy Edward Craig HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson Samir Okasha HINDUISM Kim Knott PLATO Julia Annas HISTORY John H. Arnold POLITICS Kenneth Minogue HOBBES Richard Tuck POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY HUME A. J. Ayer David Miller IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden POSTCOLONIALISM Indian Philosophy Robert Young Sue Hamilton POSTMODERNISM Intelligence Ian J. Deary Christopher Butler ISLAM Malise Ruthven POSTSTRUCTURALISM JUDAISM Norman Solomon Catherine Belsey Jung Anthony Stevens PREHISTORY Chris Gosden KAFKA Ritchie Robertson PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY KANT Roger Scruton Catherine Osborne KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner Psychology Gillian Butler and THE KORAN Michael Cook Freda McManus LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews QUANTUM THEORY LITERARY THEORY John Polkinghorne Jonathan Culler ROMAN BRITAIN LOCKE John Dunn Peter Salway LOGIC Graham Priest ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner RUSSELL A. C. Grayling MARX Peter Singer RUSSIAN LITERATURE MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers Catriona Kelly MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION MEDIEVAL BRITAIN S. A. Smith John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths SCHIZOPHRENIA MODERN ART David Cottington Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta SCHOPENHAUER MOLECULES Philip Ball Christopher Janaway MUSIC Nicholas Cook SHAKESPEARE Myth Robert A. Segal Germaine Greer SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STUART BRITAIN John Morrill ANTHROPOLOGY TERRORISM Charles Townshend John Monaghan and Peter Just THEOLOGY David F. Ford SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce THE TUDORS John Guy Socrates C. C. W. Taylor TWENTIETH-CENTURY THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan Helen Graham Wittgenstein A. C. Grayling SPINOZA Roger Scruton WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman Available soon: AFRICAN HISTORY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS John Parker and Richard Rathbone Paul Wilkinson THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea JAZZ Brian Morton BUDDHIST ETHICS MANDELA Tom Lodge Damien Keown THE MARQUIS DE SADE CHAOS Leonard Smith John Phillips CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy THE MIND Martin Davies CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE NATIONALISM Steven Grosby Robert Tavernor PERCEPTION Richard Gregory CONTEMPORARY ART PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Julian Stallabrass Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot THE CRUSADES PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards Christopher Tyerman RACISM Ali Rattansi Derrida Simon Glendinning THE RAJ Denis Judd DESIGN John Heskett THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton Dinosaurs David Norman RENAISSANCE ART ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta Geraldine Johnson THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball ROMAN EMPIRE THE END OF THE WORLD Christopher Kelly Bill McGuire SARTRE Christina Howells EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt FEMINISM Margaret Walters SOCIALISM Michael Newman THE FIRST WORLD WAR TIME Leofranc Holford-Strevens Michael Howard TRAGEDY Adrian Poole FUNDAMENTALISM THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Malise Ruthven Martin Conway Habermas Gordon Finlayson THE WORLD TRADE HUMAN EVOLUTION ORGANIZATION Bernard Wood Amrita Narlikar For more information visit our web site www.oup.co.uk/vsi/ J. Allan Hobson DREAMING A Very Short Introduction 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York AucklandCape TownDar es Salaam Hong Kong KarachiKuala Lumpur MadridMelbourneMexico City NairobiNew DelhiShanghaiTaipeiToronto With offices in ArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzech Republic FranceGreece GuatemalaHungary ItalyJapanSouth KoreaPolandPortugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand TurkeyUkraineVietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © J. Allan Hobson 2002 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published in hardback 2002 First published in paperback 2003 First published as a Very Short Introduction 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–280215–1 1357910864 2 Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall Contents Acknowledgements ix List of figures xi Introduction xiii 1 What is dreaming? 1 2 Why did the analysis of dream content fail to become a science? 15 3 How is the brain activated in sleep? 32 4 Cells and molecules of the dreaming brain 48 5 Why dream? The functions of brain activation in sleep 64 6 Disorders of dreaming 80 7 Dreaming as delirium: sleep and mental illness 88 8 The new neuropsychology of dreaming 96 9 Dreaming, learning, and memory 108 10 Dream consciousness 120 11 The interpretation of dreams 132 Conclusion 141 Index 145 Acknowledgements The research upon which this book is based was conducted in the author’s laboratory at the Massachusetts Mental Health Centre when it was supported by grants for the NIH, NSF, NIDA, and the John T. and Catherine D. MacArthur Foundation. I thank my colleagues for their collaboration and Nicholas Tranquillo for help with the manuscript.