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Discourse Semantics of S-Modifying Adverbials PDF

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DISCOURSESEMANTICSOFS-MODIFYINGADVERBIALS KatherineM.Forbes ADISSERTATION in Linguistics PresentedtotheFacultiesoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniainPartial FulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy 2003 BonnieWebber, SupervisorofDissertation EllenPrince,SupervisorofDissertation DonaldA.Ringe,GraduateGroupChair AravindJoshi,CommitteeMember RobinClark,CommitteeMember Acknowledgements Iwishto thankBonnie Webber. Withoutherpatience andherseeminglyendlessdepthsof insight, Imightneverhavecompletedthisthesis. Iamenormouslygratefulforherguidance. I also owe many thanks to Ellen Prince. She is an intellectual leader at Penn who has helped many,includingme,findawaythroughthejungleofdiscourseanalysis. Iamindebtedtoeveryprofessorwhohastaughtme. SpecialthankstoRobinClarkforbeinga memberofmydissertationcommittee. IamveryluckytohaveworkedwithAravindJoshi. Heisacontinualsourceofknowledgeinthe DLTAG meetings. The field of computational linguistics has already benefited from his sentence- levelwork;IfullyexpectheandBonniewillproducesimilarlyusefulresultswithDLTAG. Also in DLTAG,Eleni Miltsakaki andRashmi Prasad, and laterCassandre Creswell andJason Teepleallprovidedstimulationandsolace. TheirgreatcompanyandgreateffortonDLTAGprojects taught me to appreciate how much can be done when minds work together. I look forward to the chancetoworkwiththeminthefuture. IamalsothankfultoMarthaPalmer,PaulKingsbury, andScottCottonforallowingmetowork withthemonthePropbankprojectandsupplementbothmyincomeandmyworkindiscourse. Onapersonalnote,theForbes,Finley,andRileyfamiliesdeservethanksforgivingmeloveand diversionandbalanceandtalkingmethroughmyeducation. Mostofall,thankstoEnricoRiley,for beingeverythingtome. ii ABSTRACT DISCOURSESEMANTICSOFS-MODIFYINGADVERBIALS KatherineM.Forbes Supervisors: BonnieWebberandEllenPrince Inthisthesis,weaddressthequestionofwhycertainS-modifyingadverbialsareonlyinterpretable with respect to thediscourse or spatio-temporal context, and notjust their own matrixclause. It is notpossibletolisttheseadverbials becausethesetofadverbials iscompositionalandthereforein- finite. Instead,weinvestigatethemechanismsunderlyingtheirinterpretation. Wepresentacorpus- based analysis of the predicate argument structure and interpretation of over 13,000 S-modifying adverbials. We use prior research on discourse deixis and clause-level predicates to study the se- manticsoftheargumentsofS-modifyingadverbialsandthesyntacticconstituentsfromwhichthey can be derived. We show that many S-modifying adverbials contain semantic arguments that may notbesyntacticallyovert,butwhoseinterpretationneverthelessrequiresanabstractobjectfromthe discourse or spatio-temporal context. Prior work has investigated only a smallsubset of these dis- courseconnectives; attheclause-leveltheirsemanticshasbeenlargelyignoredandatthediscourse leveltheyareusuallytreatedas“signals”ofpredefinedlistsofabstractdiscourserelations. Ourin- vestigationshedslightonthespaceofrelationsimpartedbyamuchwidervarietyofadverbials. We furthershowhowtheirpredicateargumentstructureandinterpretationcanbeformalizedandincor- poratedintoarichintermediatemodelofdiscoursethataloneamongothermodelsviewsdiscourse connectivesaspredicateswhosesyntaxandsemanticsmustbespecifiedandrecoverabletointerpret discourse. Itisnotonlyduetotheirargumentstructureandinterpretationthatadverbialshavebeen treated as discourse connectives, however. Our corpus contains adverbials whose semantics alone doesnotcausethemtobeinterpretedwithrespecttoabstractobjectinterpretationsinthediscourse orspatio-temporalcontext. Weexploreotherexplanationsforwhytheseadverbialsevokediscourse contextfortheirinterpretation;inparticular, weshowhowtheinteractionofprosodywiththeinter- pretation of S-modifying adverbials can contribute to discourse coherence, and we also show how S-modifyingadverbialscanbeusedtoconveyimplicatures. iii Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Contents iv ListofTables x ListofFigures xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 TheProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 ContributionsoftheThesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 ThesisOutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 AnaphoraandDiscourseModels 6 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Descriptive TheoriesofDiscourseCoherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 AnEarlyEncompassingDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 AlternativeDescriptionsofPropositionalRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.3 DiscourseRelationsasConstraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.4 AbducingDiscourseRelationsbyApplyingtheConstraints . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.5 InteractionofDiscourseInferenceandVPEllipsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 iv 2.2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 AThree-TieredModelofDiscourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 TheThreeTiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.2 CoherencewithinDiscourseSegments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.3 ModelingLinguisticStructureandAttentionalStateasaTree . . . . . . . 23 2.3.4 IntroductiontoDiscourseDeicticReference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.5 RetrievingAntecedentsofDiscourseDeixisfromtheTree . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 ATreeStructurewithaSyntax-SemanticInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.1 ConstituentsandTreeConstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.2 TheSyntaxSemanticInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.3 RetrievingAntecedentsofAnaphorafromtheTree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.4 TheNeedForUpwardPercolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5 ADescriptiveTheoryofDiscourseStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.1 AnalyzingTextStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.2 TheNeedforMultipleLevelsofDiscourseStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.3 “Elaboration”asReference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.6 ASemanticTheoryofDiscourseCoherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.6.1 AbstractObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.6.2 AFormalLanguageforDiscourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.6.3 RetrievingAntecedentsofAnaphorafromtheDiscourseStructure . . . . . 57 2.6.4 ASystemforInferringDiscourseRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.6.5 ExtendingtheTheorytoCognitiveStates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.7.1 ProliferationofDiscourseRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 v 2.7.2 UseofLinguisticCuesasSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.7.3 StructuralandAnaphoricCuePhrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.7.4 ComparisonofDLTAGandOtherModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2.7.5 RemainingQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3 SemanticMechanismsinAdverbials 78 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2 LinguisticBackgroundandDataCollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.1 FunctionofAdverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.2 StructureofPPandADVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2.3 DataCollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.3 AdverbialModificationTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.3.1 Clause-LevelAnalysesofModificationType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.3.2 ProblemswithCategoricalApproaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.3.3 ModificationTypesasSemanticFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4 AdverbialSemanticArguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4.1 (Optional)ArgumentsorAdjuncts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4.2 ExternalArgumentAttachmentAmbiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.4.3 SemanticRepresentationofExternalArgument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.4.4 SemanticArgumentsasAbstractObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.4.5 NumberofAbstractObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.5 S-ModifyingPPAdverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.5.1 ProperNouns,Possessives,andPronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.5.2 Demonstrative andDefiniteDeterminers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.5.3 IndefiniteArticles,GenericandPluralNouns,andOptionalArguments . . 117 vi 3.5.4 PPandADJPModifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3.5.5 OtherArguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.6 S-ModifyingADVPAdverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.6.1 SyntacticallyOptionalArguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.6.2 Context-DependentADVPAdverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 3.6.3 ComparativeADVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 3.6.4 SetsandWorlds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4 IncorporatingAdverbialSemanticsintoDLTAG 157 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.2 Syntax-SemanticInterfaces attheSentenceLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 4.2.1 TheRoleoftheSyntax-SemanticInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 4.2.2 LTAG:LexicalizedTreeAdjoiningGrammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 4.2.3 ASyntax-SemanticInterfaceforLTAGDerivationTrees . . . . . . . . . . 161 4.2.4 ASyntax-SemanticInterfaceforLTAGElementaryTrees . . . . . . . . . 166 4.2.5 ComparisonofApproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.3 Syntax-SemanticInterfaces attheDiscourseLevel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.3.1 DLTAG:LexicalizedTreeAdjoiningGrammarforDiscourse . . . . . . . . 171 4.3.2 Syntax-SemanticInterfacesforDerivedTrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.3.3 ASyntax-SemanticInterfaceforDLTAGDerivationTrees . . . . . . . . . 190 4.3.4 ComparisonofApproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 4.3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.4 DLTAGAnnotationProject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.4.1 OverviewofProject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.4.2 PreliminaryStudy1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 vii 4.4.3 PreliminaryStudy2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 4.4.4 FutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5 OtherWaysAdverbialsContributetoDiscourseCoherence 229 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 5.2 Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 5.2.1 ThePhenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 5.2.2 Information-StructureandTheoriesofStructuredMeanings . . . . . . . . 232 5.2.3 AlternativeSemantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5.2.4 BackgroundsorAlternatives? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.2.5 Contrastive Themes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 5.2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5.3 FocusSensitivityofModifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5.3.1 FocusParticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 5.3.2 OtherFocusSensitiveSub-ClausalModifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 5.3.3 S-Modifying“FocusParticles” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.3.4 FocusSensivityofS-ModifyingAdverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 5.3.5 FocusingS-ModifyingAdverbialstoEvokeContext . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 5.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5.4 Implicatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 5.4.1 GriceanImplicature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 5.4.2 PragmaticandSemanticPresupposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 5.4.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.5 UsingS-ModifyingAdverbialstoConveyImplicatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.5.1 Presupposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.5.2 ConversationalImplicatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 5.5.3 InteractionofFocusandImplicature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 5.5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 viii 5.6 OtherContributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 5.6.1 DiscourseStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 5.6.2 Performatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 6 Conclusion 279 6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 6.2 FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Bibliography 285 ix List of Tables 2.1 MainCategoriesof[HH76]’sRelationsbetweenPropositions . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 MainCategoriesof[Lon83]’sRelationsbetweenPropositions . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 MainCategoriesof[Mar92]’sRelationsbetweenPropositions . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 MainCategoriesof[Hob90]’sRelationsbetweenPropositions . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5 [Keh95]’sCause-EffectRelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.6 [Keh95]’sResemblanceRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.7 [GS86]ChangesinDiscourseStructureIndicatedbyLinguisticExpressions . . . . 21 2.8 CenteringTheoryTransitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.9 [Web91]’sClassificationofDiscourseDeicticReference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.10 OrganizationsofRSTRelationDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.11 Evidence: RSTRelationDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.12 Volitional-Cause: RSTRelationDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.13 Elaboration: RSTRelationDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.14 [Ven67]’sImperfectandPerfectNominalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.15 [Ven67]’sLooseandNarrowContainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.16 DICE:discourserelationdefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.17 DICE:Indefeasibleaxioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.18 DICE:Defeasiblelawsonworldknowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.19 DICE:Defeasiblelawsondiscourseprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.20 DICE:Deductionrules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.21 [Kno96]’sFeaturesofDiscourseConnectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 x

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DISCOURSE SEMANTICS OF S-MODIFYING ADVERBIALS. Katherine M. Forbes. A DISSERTATION in. Linguistics. Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial. Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2003. Bonnie Webber, Supervisor of
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