Design of Breast Walls: A Practical Solution Approach

311 Pages·2021·13.212 MB·English

by  Rajendra Chalisgaonkar

Design of Breast Walls

Design of Breast Walls
A Practical Solution Approach
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-75471-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-75568-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-16299-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003162995
Typeset in Times
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
To
My Family

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xiii
Author ......................................................................................................................xv
List of Symbols ......................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Evolution of Retaining Walls ....................................................1
1.2 Retaining Walls .........................................................................1
1.2.1 Predictable Behaviour .................................................2
1.2.2 Drainage System .........................................................2
1.2.3 Frost Action ................................................................2
1.3 Types of Retaining Walls...........................................................2
1.3.1 Gravity Retaining Walls ..............................................2
1.3.1.1 Semi-Gravity Retaining Walls ...................3
1.3.1.2 Prefabricated Modular Gravity Walls ........5
1.3.2 Pile Retaining Walls ....................................................7
1.3.3 Cantilever Retaining Walls .........................................8
1.3.3.1 Non-Gravity Cantilevered Walls ................8
1.3.4 Anchored Retaining Walls ..........................................8
1.3.5 Counterfort Retaining Walls .......................................9
1.3.6 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls ..............9
1.3.7 Retaining Wall with a Pressure Relief Shelf .............11
1.3.8 Hybrid Systems .........................................................11
Chapter 2 Revisiting Earth Pressure Theories .....................................................13
2.1 Lateral Earth Pressures ............................................................13
2.2 Earth Pressure Theories ...........................................................13
2.2.1 Coulomb’s Theory ....................................................15
2.2.1.1 Active Pressure Due to the Backfill .........17
2.2.1.2 Passive Pressure Due to the Earthfill .......17
2.2.2 Rankine’s Theory ......................................................18
2.2.2.1 Active Pressure Due to the Backfill .........18
2.2.2.2 Passive Pressure Due to the Earthfill .......19
2.3 Reliability of Lateral Earth Pressures .....................................19
2.4 Reducing Active Earth Pressure ..............................................20
2.5 Influence of the Parameters on Earth Pressure ........................21
2.5.1 Influence of the Angle of Repose of the Backfill,
φ and the Angle of Friction between the Wall
and the Backfill, δ �����������������������������������������������������22
vii
viii Contents
2.5.2 Influence of the Angle of the Surcharge, ι, on
the Active Earth Pressure ..........................................22
2.5.3 Influence of the Vertical Angle of the Earth Face
of the Wall, α, on the Active Earth Pressure .............24
2.6 Inference from the Parametric Study ......................................26
2.7 Coefficients of the Active and Passive Earth Pressures ...........26
Chapter 3 Design Methodology of Breast Walls .................................................33
3.1 Design Methodology ...............................................................33
3.1.1 Design Loads ............................................................33
3.2 Stability Analysis of Breast Walls ...........................................35
3.2.1 Stability against Overturning ....................................35
3.2.2 Stability against Sliding ............................................35
3.2.3 Shear Key ..................................................................36
3.2.4 Bearing Pressure .......................................................37
Chapter 4 Comparison of Gravity Retaining Walls and Breast Walls ................39
4.1 Design Parameters ...................................................................39
4.1.1 Design Loads ............................................................41
4.1.2 Coefficient of the Active Earth Pressure ...................41
4.1.3 Base Width ................................................................42
4.1.4 Volume of Masonry in a Gravity Retaining Wall .....43
4.1.5 Factor of Safety against Sliding ................................43
4.2 Remarks on the Comparison of Designs .................................44
4.3 Influence of the Surcharge and the Density of Materials ........45
4.3.1 Influence of the Unit Weight of the Soil on the
Base Width ................................................................45
4.3.2 Influence of the Unit Weight of Masonry on the
Base Width ................................................................46
4.3.3 Influence of the Angle of the Surcharge on the
Base Width ................................................................47
4.3.4 Influence of Materials of Construction on the
Base Width ................................................................47
Chapter 5 Charts for Stone Masonry Breast Walls ..............................................51
5.1 Parameters for the Development of Charts .............................51
5.2 Charts for the Design of a 1.0-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ........52
5.3 Charts for the Design of a 1.5-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ........65
5.4 Charts for the Design of a 2.0-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ........77
5.5 Charts for the Design of a 2.5-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ........89
5.6 Charts for the Design of a 3.0-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ......101
5.7 Charts for the Design of a 3.5-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ......113
5.8 Charts for the Design of a 4.0-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ......125
Contents ix
5.9 Charts for the Design of a 4.5-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ......137
5.10 Charts for the Design of a 5.0-m-High Masonry Breast Wall ......149
Chapter 6 Charts for Concrete Breast Walls ......................................................161
6.1 Parameters for the Development of Charts ...........................161
6.2 Charts for the Design of a 1.0-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................162
6.3 Charts for the Design of a 1.5-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................175
6.4 Charts for the Design of a 2.0-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................187
6.5 Charts for the Design of a 2.5-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................199
6.6 Charts for the Design of a 3.0-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................211
6.7 Charts for the Design of a 3.5-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................223
6.8 Charts for the Design of a 4.0-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................235
6.9 Charts for the Design of a 4.5-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................247
6.10 Charts for the Design of a 5.0-m-High Concrete
Breast Wall ............................................................................259
Chapter 7 Detailing of Breast Walls ..................................................................271
7.1 Random Rubble Masonry Walls............................................271
7.1.1 Through-Stones/Bonding Element .........................271
7.1.2 Cement Mortar ........................................................271
7.1.3 Coping .....................................................................271
7.2 Drainage ................................................................................271
7.2.1 Specifying Filters by Permeability .........................272
7.3 Weep Holes ...........................................................................272
7.3.1 Drainage Pipe ..........................................................274
7.3.2 Catch Water Drain ...................................................274
7.4 Dip of the Foundation at the Base .........................................274
7.5 Wall Joints .............................................................................274
7.5.1 Construction Joints in Concrete Walls ....................274
7.5.2 Contraction Joint .....................................................274
7.5.3 Expansion Joint .......................................................274
7.6 Typical Drawings ..................................................................276
Chapter 8 Application of Design Tables and Charts ..........................................279
8.1 Application of the Design Charts ..........................................279