Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science

568 Pages·2017·34.556 MB·English

by  Richard Saferstein

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12
edition
Criminalistics
An Introduction
to Forensic Science
Richard Saferstein, Ph.D.
Forensic Science Consultant, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey
330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Saferstein, Richard.
Title: Criminalistics : an introduction to forensic science / Richard
Saferstein, Ph.D., Forensic Science Consultant, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey.
Description: 12th edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2018] | Includes
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016036756 | ISBN 9780134477596 (alk. paper) | ISBN
0134477596 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Criminal investigation. | Forensic ballistics. | Chemistry,
Forensic. | Medical jurisprudence.
Classification: LCC HV8073 .S2 2018 | DDC 363.25—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036756
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
ISBN 10: 0-13-447759-6
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-447759-6
To the memory of Fran and Michael
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brief contents
preface xi
about the author xvii
chapter 1 chapter 11
Introduction 3 Hairs and Fibers 251
chapter 2 chapter 12
The Crime Scene 31 Drugs 279
chapter 13
chapter 3
Forensic Toxicology 319
Physical Evidence 61
chapter 14
chapter 4
Metals, Paint, and Soil 347
Crime-Scene Reconstruction:
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 79
chapter 15
Forensic Serology 373
chapter 5
Death Investigation 103
chapter 16
DNA: The Indispensable Forensic
chapter 6
Science Tool 397
Fingerprints 129
chapter 17
chapter 7 Forensic Aspects of Fire
and Explosion Investigation 427
Forensic Biometrics 153
chapter 18
chapter 8
Document Examination 459
The Microscope 169
chapter 19
chapter 9
Computer Forensics 477
Firearms, Tool Marks,
and Other Impressions 187
chapter 20
Mobile Device Forensics 505
chapter 10
Matter, Light, and Glass
appendixes 519
Examination 223
index 531
v
contents
preface xi
about the author xvii
chapter 1 chapter 3
Introduction 3 Physical Evidence 61
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 4 Common Types of Physical Evidence 62
History and Development of Forensic The Significance of Physical Evidence 63
Science 6 Forensic Databases 70
Crime Laboratories 9
Case Files
Organization of a Crime Laboratory 10
Gerald Wallace 73
Case Files
Case Files
Forensic Science Helps Unravel
the Mystery of the Anthrax Letters 14 The Center City Rapist 73
Functions of the Forensic Scientist 15 Case Files
Case Files NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects 73
Dr. Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls 20
Case Files
Other Forensic Science Services 22
Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run 74
Chapter Summary 25
Chapter Summary 75
Review Questions 25
Review Questions 76
Application and Critical Thinking 26
Application and Critical Thinking 76
Further References 29
Further References 77
chapter 2 chapter 4
The Crime Scene 31 Crime-Scene Reconstruction:
Processing the Crime Scene 32 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 79
Collecting and Packaging Physical
Crime-Scene Reconstruction 80
Evidence 42
General Features of Bloodstain
Maintaining the Chain of Custody 47
Formation 81
Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety 49
Case File
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene 50
Pistorius: A Valentine’s Day Murder 81
Chapter Summary 51
Review Questions 52 Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 84
Application and Critical Thinking 53 Classifying Impact Spatter 84
Further References 54 Origin of Impact Patterns 86
Case Analysis 54 More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 87
Case Files
Case Study
Blood-Spatter Evidence 88
The Enrique Camarena Case:
A Forensic Nightmare 55 Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 93
vi
contents vii
Case Files
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Bloodstain Reconstruction 96 Enhancement 146
Chapter Summary 98 Chapter Summary 148
Review Questions 98 Review Questions 149
Application and Critical Thinking 100 Application and Critical Thinking 150
Further References 101 Further References 151
chapter 7
chapter 5
Forensic Biometrics 153
Death Investigation 103
Introduction to Biometrics 154
Role of the Forensic Pathologist 104
Enrolling and Extracting Biometric Data 156
The Autopsy 105
The Iris 157
Cause of Death 108
Facial Recognition 160
Case Files
Case Files
Harold Shipman, Dr. Death 109
Living a Double Life 163
Manner of Death 111
The Next Generation Identification System 163
Case Files
Chapter Summary 166
The Sheridans: Murder or Suicide 113
Review Questions 166
Estimating Time of Death 114
Application and Critical Thinking 167
Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 116
Further References 167
Case Files
chapter 8
Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims 121
Role of the Forensic Entomologist 122
The Microscope 169
Case Files
Basics of the Microscope 170
The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 123
The Compound Microscope 171
Chapter Summary 124
The Comparison Microscope 173
Review Questions 124
The Stereoscopic Microscope 175
Application and Critical Thinking 126
The Polarizing Microscope 176
Further References 127
The Microspectrophotometer 177
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 178
chapter 6
Forensic Palynology: Pollen and
Spores as Evidence 180
Fingerprints 129
Case Files
History of Fingerprinting 130 Clues from the Cornfield 183
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 131
Chapter Summary 184
Classification of Fingerprints 136
Review Questions 184
Automated Fingerprint Identification
Application and Critical Thinking 185
Systems 137
Further References 185
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 139
Case Files chapter 9
The Night Stalker 139
Firearms, Tool Marks, and
Case Files
Other Impressions 187
The Mayfield Affair 140
Preservation of Developed Prints 146 Types of Firearms 188
viii contentS
Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 189 Forensic Examination of Fibers 261
Automated Firearms Search Systems 196
Case Files
Case Files The Ennis Cosby Homicide 261
Sacco and Vanzetti 197 Identification and Comparison
Gunpowder Residues 200 of Manufactured Fibers 266
Primer Residues on the Hands 203 Case Files
Serial Number Restoration 206
Fatal Vision Revisited 270
Collection and Preservation of Firearms
Collection and Preservation of
Evidence 207
Fiber Evidence 272
Tool Marks 208
Chapter Summary 273
Other Impressions 211
Review Questions 273
Case Files Review Questions for Inside the Science 274
The O. J. Simpson Trial—Who Left the Application and Critical Thinking 275
Impressions at the Crime Scene? 218 Further References 277
Chapter Summary 218
Review Questions 219
chapter 12
Application and Critical Thinking 220
Further References 221
Drugs 279
chapter 10
Drug Dependence 280
Types of Drugs 282
Matter, Light, and Glass Drug-Control Laws 294
Examination 223 Collection and Preservation of
Drug Evidence 296
The Nature of Matter 224
Forensic Drug Analysis 296
Physical Properties of Matter 227
Chromatography 299
Theory of Light 235
Spectrophotometry 307
Forensic Analysis of Glass 237
Mass Spectrometry 310
Glass Fractures 243
Chapter Summary 313
Collection and Preservation of
Review Questions 314
Glass Evidence 245
Review Questions for Inside the Science 316
Chapter Summary 246
Application and Critical Thinking 316
Review Questions 246
Further References 317
Review Questions for Inside the Science 247
Application and Critical Thinking 248
Further References 249 chapter 13
chapter 11 Forensic Toxicology 319
Role of Forensic Toxicology 320
Hairs and Fibers 251
Toxicology of Alcohol 320
Forensic Examination of Hair 252 Testing for Intoxication 324
Morphology of Hair 252 Field Sobriety Testing 327
Identification and Comparison of Hair 257 Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 329
Alcohol and the Law 330
Case Files
The Role of the Toxicologist 333
The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited 258
Case Files
Collection and Preservation of
Hair Evidence 260 Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar 334
contents ix
Case Files Case Files
Accidental Overdose: A DNA Bonus 392
The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith 335
Chapter Summary 393
Case Files Review Questions 394
Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 339 Review Questions for Inside
The Drug Recognition Expert 340 the Science 395
Application and Critical Thinking 395
Chapter Summary 343
Further References 395
Review Questions 343
Review Questions for Inside the Science 344
Application and Critical Thinking 345 chapter 16
Further References 345
DNA: The Indispensable
chapter 14 Forensic Science Tool 397
What Is DNA? 398
Metals, Paint, and Soil 347 DNA at Work 400
Replication of DNA 401
Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 348
DNA Typing with Short
Case Files
Tandem Repeats 401
Death by Radiation Poisoning 357
Case Files
Forensic Examination of Paint 360
Reopening the Boston Strangler Case 409
Case Files
The Combined DNA Index System
The Predator 365 (CODIS) 412
Forensic Analysis of Soil 366 Mitochondrial DNA 412
Case Files Case Files
Soil: The Silent Witness 368 Cold Case Hit 412
Collection and Preservation of Collection and Preservation of
Soil Evidence 369 Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 415
Chapter Summary 369 Case Files
Review Questions 370
Contact Lens Evidence 418
Review Questions for Inside the Science 371
Case Files
Application and Critical Thinking 371
The JonBenét Ramsey
Further References 371
Murder Case 419
Chapter Summary 421
chapter 15 Review Questions 422
Review Questions for Inside the Science 423
Forensic Serology 373 Application and Critical Thinking 423
Further References 425
The Nature of Blood 374
Blood Typing 376
Immunoassay Techniques 378 chapter 17
Forensic Characterization of
Bloodstains 378 Forensic Aspects of Fire and
Principles of Heredity 384
Explosion Investigation 427
Forensic Characterization of
Semen 386 Forensic Investigation of Arson 428
Collection and Preservation of The Chemistry of Fire 428
Rape Evidence 389 Searching the Fire Scene 435