Computational Methods in Molecular Imaging Technologies

86 Pages·2017·3.128 MB·English

by  Vinit Kumar Gunjan, Fahimuddin Shaik, C Venkatesh, M. Amarnath (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY  FORENSIC AND MEDICAL BIOINFORMATICS
Vinit Kumar Gunjan
Fahimuddin Shaik
C. Venkatesh
M. Amarnath
Computational
Methods in
Molecular
Imaging
Technologies
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology
Forensic and Medical Bioinformatics
Series editors
Amit Kumar, Hyderabad, India
Allam Appa Rao, Hyderabad, India
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11910
Vinit Kumar Gunjan Fahimuddin Shaik
(cid:129)
C. Venkatesh M. Amarnath
(cid:129)
Computational Methods
in Molecular Imaging
Technologies
123
Vinit KumarGunjan C. Venkatesh
Department ofComputer Scienceand Department ofElectronics and
Engineering Communication Engineering
AnnamacharyaInstitute of Technology AnnamacharyaInstitute of Technology
&Sciences &Sciences
Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh
India India
Fahimuddin Shaik M.Amarnath
Department ofElectronics and Hewlett Packard Globalsoft Pvt.Ltd.
Communication Engineering Melbourne
AnnamacharyaInstitute of Technology Australia
&Sciences
Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh
India
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISSN 2196-8845 ISSN 2196-8853 (electronic)
ForensicandMedical Bioinformatics
ISBN978-981-10-4635-3 ISBN978-981-10-4636-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4636-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017938308
©TheAuthor(s)2017
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Preface
Thisbookisbasicallytheresultofourpassiontowardtheresearchofapplicationof
Image processing in medical field. This work started out as a survey and then
evolved according to our interest and proclivity into a work that emphasizes the
aspects of Image processing in medical applications. The major issue in people
nowadays isthe lack of awareness and ignorance about health issues. The topic of
“Imaging” has become more than a technical subject these days. In our society,
digital images are widely used communication medium. They have an important
impact on our life. They are a compact and easy way which represents the world
thatsurroundsus.Writingthisbookisforusasteptowardrealizingourowngreater
capacity for loving, peace, joy, and fulfillment of the passion toward Medical
Imaging. The material in the book is written for persons at a number of levels.
Muchofitisintroductoryforanengineer,butservestolinkengineeringprinciples
with living systems of human being. For that reason, it needs to be studied with
some care.
Molecular Imaging Technologies in diagnostic studies has evolved as a result
of the significant contributions of a number of different disciplines from basic
sciences, engineering, and medicine. This book is a collection of all the experi-
mental results and analysis carried out Molecular Medical images. The experi-
mental investigations have been carried out on MRI and CT images using
State-of-art Computational Image processing techniques and also tabulated the
statistical values wherever necessary.
Rajampet, India Vinit Kumar Gunjan
Fahimuddin Shaik
C. Venkatesh
M. Amarnath
v
Acknowledgements
Firstly, we acknowledge The Almighty the Beneficent, the most Gracious, and the
most Merciful, who has created us and blessed us for completing this book.
Perhaps the best reward for writing a book of this type is the opportunity, it
affords for thanking the many people who contributed to it in one way or another.
There are a lot of people to thank, and we address them in roughly chronological
order.
WearegratefultoDr.B.Jayabhaskar Rao,Sr.DivisionalMedicalOfficer,S.C.
Railway,andChairmanofDiabeticCareCentre,Nandalur,AndhraPradeshforhis
help by providing suitable images for the book and timely suggestions which
helped us to complete the book.
We are grateful to The Mathworks, Inc. as we made progressive and extensive
useofMATLABprogramwhichweadmirethemostforitsTechnicalexcellencein
programming world.
And also would like to thank Dr. Matthew J. McAuliffe from the Center for
InformationTechnologyattheNationalInstitutesofHealthforhissoftwareMIPAV
which is a user-friendly one throughout the work.
Wealsoliketoextendourthankstoallourstudentsespecially,whocontributed
greatly to this work with solving problems in simulation of results.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our family. To them we dedicate
this work.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1 Introduction to Medical Imaging. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.2 Medical Imaging Overview. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.3 Molecular Imaging and Its Modalities .... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.4 Medical Image Reconstruction .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5
1.5 Types of Image Reconstruction . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 6
2 Artifacts Correction in MRI Images . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9
2.1 Existing Methods ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9
2.1.1 Disadvantages of Ultra-echo Time Imaging (UTE) . .... 9
2.1.2 Disadvantages of Sweep Imaging with Fourier
Transform .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9
2.1.3 Disadvantages of Water- and Fat-suppressed Proton
Projection MRI ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
2.1.4 Disadvantages of ZTE Imaging Without Excitation
Profile . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
2.2 Implemented Method ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
2.3 Process Diagram.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
2.4 Model as an Inverse Problem... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11
2.5 NUFFT Operator ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 12
2.5.1 Features of NUFFT.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 14
2.5.2 Non-uniform FFT Algorithm. .... .... .... ..... .... 14
2.6 Quadratic Phase-Modulated RF Pulse Excitation .... ..... .... 15
2.6.1 Hard RF Phase Modulation.. .... .... .... ..... .... 16
2.7 Excitation Profile Measurement . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 16
2.8 Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition
(PETRA) . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17
2.9 Iterative Partial K-Space Reconstruction... .... .... ..... .... 18
2.10 Processing of Project ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 19
2.11 Flow Diagram.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 20
ix
x Contents
3 Spiral Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction.... .... .... .... ..... .... 29
3.1 CT Reconstruction Using the Medical Phantom Image..... .... 29
3.1.1 Assessment of Image Quality of the CT Medical
Phantom Image Before Reconstruction . .... ..... .... 29
3.1.2 Assesment of the Image Quality of Cone-Beam
Phantom After Image Reconstruction .. .... ..... .... 32
3.2 CT Reconstruction of the Hand Section of the Human Body.... 33
3.2.1 Assesment of the Image Quality of CT Hand
Section Before Reconstruction.... .... .... ..... .... 34
3.2.2 Assesment of the Image Quality of Cone-Beam CT
Hand Section After Reconstruction.... .... ..... .... 36
3.3 CT Reconstruction of the Head Section of the Human Body.... 37
3.3.1 Assesment of the Image Quality of the CT Head
Section Before Reconstruction.... .... .... ..... .... 38
3.3.2 AssesmentoftheImageQualityoftheCone-BeamCT
Head Section After Reconstruction .... .... ..... .... 41
3.4 Quantization of the Artifacts.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 42
3.4.1 Assessment of Image Resolution and Noise
Quantization of the Artifacts. .... .... .... ..... .... 42
4 Visual Quality Improvement of CT Image Reconstruction with
Quantitative Measures ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45
4.1 Existing System .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45
4.1.1 Background. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45
4.1.2 Criterion for Filtering Edge Information .... ..... .... 45
4.2 Proposed Algorithms ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46
4.2.1 Model Specification.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46
4.2.2 Boundary-Edge Correspondence .. .... .... ..... .... 48
4.2.3 Local Intensity Clustering Property.... .... ..... .... 49
4.2.4 Energy Formulation.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 50
4.2.5 Multiphase Level Set Formulation. .... .... ..... .... 51
4.3 Block Diagram. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 52
4.4 Back Projection .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53
4.5 Filtered Back Projection (FBP) Reconstruction.. .... ..... .... 54
4.6 Discrete Direct Back Projection . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63
4.7 Data Acquisition.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 64
4.8 Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm... .... .... .... ..... .... 65
4.9 Histogram Processing..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 66
4.10 Bias Field. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67
4.11 Experimental Findings .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 68
4.11.1 Assesment of the Image Statistics of Before Image
Reconstruction of CT Knee Bone . .... .... ..... .... 68
Contents xi
4.11.2 Assesment of the Image Statistics of After Image
Reconstruction of CT Knee Bone . .... .... ..... .... 71
4.12 Computational Efficiency Comparison .... .... .... ..... .... 72
Bibliography .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 75