Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age: An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design

438 Pages·2012·6.923 MB·English

by  Juval Portugali et al. (eds.)

Springer Complexity
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.
Juval Portugali (cid:129) Han Meyer (cid:129) Egbert Stolk (cid:129)
Ekim Tan
Editors
Complexity Theories
of Cities Have Come of Age
An Overview with Implications to
Urban Planning and Design
Editors
JuvalPortugali HanMeyer
TelAvivUniversity TUDelft
Dept.Geography ResearchlaboratoryULab.
POBox39040 UrbanDesign-Theory&Methods
69978TelAviv Julianalaan134
RamatAviv,Israel 2628BLDelft
[email protected] Netherlands
[email protected]
EgbertStolk EkimTan
TUDelft TUDelft
EnvironmentalPlanningand InternationalNewTownInstitute
Ecology POBoxPostbus5
Julianalaan134 2600AADelft
1628BLDelft Netherland
Netherlands [email protected]
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-24543-5 e-ISBN978-3-642-24544-2
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-24544-2
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012930979
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
JuvalPortugali
PartI
ComplexityTheoriesandComplexityTheoriesofCities:AnOverview
ComplexityandComplexityTheories:DoTheseConcepts
MakeSense?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
HermannHaken
TheOriginsofComplexityTheoryinCitiesandPlanning. . . . . . . . . . 21
MichaelBattyandStephenMarshall
ComplexityTheoriesofCities:Achievements,Criticism
andPotentials.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 47
JuvalPortugali
PartII
AspectsofCitiesasComplexSystems
Cities:TheVisibleExpressionofCo-evolvingComplexity. . . . . . . . . . 67
PeterM.Allen
UrbanSystemsDynamics,UrbanGrowthandScalingLaws:The
QuestionofErgodicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
DenisePumain
MeaningandMaterial:Phenomenology,Complexity,Science
and‘AdjacentPossible’Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
StephenRead
TheGeneticCodeforCities:IsItSimplerthanWeThink?. . . . . . . . 129
BillHillier
v
vi Contents
Cities:SystemsofSystemsofSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
JeffreyJohnson
OntheSimplicityofComplexityTheoryinArtificial
Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
HarryTimmermans
PartIII
ComplexityTheoriesofCities:ImplicationstoUrbanPlanning
andDesign
Planning,DesignandtheComplexityofCities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
StephenMarshall
PositioningPlanningintheWorldofOrder,Chaosand
Complexity:OnPerspectives,BehaviourandInterventions
inaNon-linearEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
GertdeRooandWardSRauws
ComplexityTheoriesofCities:ImplicationstoUrbanPlanning. . . . . . 221
JuvalPortugali
UrbanismasComputation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
NikosA.Salingaros
Self-OrganizingUrbanTransportationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
CarlosGershenson
SimpleRules:EmergingOrder?ADesigner’sCuriosityAbout
ComplexityTheories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
DirkSijmons
ARationalizedDelta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
HanMeyer
AComplexityTheoreticViewofCitiesasArtefactsofDesign
Intentionality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
TheodoreZamenopoulosandKaterinaAlexiou
AComputationalIntelligenceApproachtoAlleviate
ComplexityIssuesinDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MichaelS.Bittermann,I.SevilSariyildiz,andO¨zerCiftcioglu
TheResponsiveCityDesignGame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
EkimTanandJuvalPortugali
ASIRNViewonUrbanDesign:TheCaseofAlmereHout. . . . . . . . . 391
EgbertStolkandJuvalPortugali
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Contributors
KaterinaAlexiou
KaterinaAlexiouisaRCUKAcademicFellowattheOpenUniversity.Herdesign
background andprofessional experience is in architecture. Her academic research
fallsintheareaofdesigntheoryandmethods(includingdesigncognition,collabo-
rativedesign,learning,creativityandsocialaspectsofdesign).Asabackgroundto
this she has a special interest in the relationship between complexity science and
design, and the exchange of theories and methodologies between the two
disciplines. She is also interested in design computing, artificial intelligence,
simulation and the development of design and planning support systems. She has
been involved in UK and European funded projects on these themes and
has organized a number of international workshops and events. She has recently
co-editedabookonEmbracingComplexityinDesign,publishedbyRoutledge.
e-mail:[email protected]
PeterAllen
ProfessorAllenisHeadoftheComplexSystemsResearchCentre,whichisinvolved
inawiderangeofresearchprojectsincludingworkingwith:anESRCfundedjoint
project with Sheffield University “Modelling the Evolution of the Aerospace
Supply chain”; European Union Sixth Framework project “Quasiopportunistic
supercomputing for complex systems in Grid environments” (QosCosGRID),
concerning the development of evolutionary supply networks; OMEGA, a multi-
university consortiumcarryingout research concerningAviationand Environment.
ProfessorAllenisEditorinChiefoftheJournalEmergence:ComplexityandOrgani-
zation.Hehaswrittenandeditedseveralbooksandpublishedwellover200articlesin
a range of fields including ecology, social science, urban and regional science,
economics,systemstheoryandphysics.
e-mail:p.m.allen@cranfield.ac.uk
vii
viii Contributors
MichaelBatty
Michael Batty is a Bartlett Professor of Planning at University College London
where he directs the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis. He was previously
DirectoroftheNCGIAatSUNY-Buffalo(1990–1995)andProfessorandHeadof
theDepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanningintheUniversityofWalesinCardiff
from1979until1990.HeisaFellowoftheBritishAcademy,aFellowoftheRoyal
SocietyandwasawardedtheCBEin2004forservicestogeography.Hisresearchis
inthedevelopmentofcomputer-basedtechnologies,specificallylandusetranspor-
tation models of cities, and he has worked recently on applications of fractal
geometry,cellularautomataandscalingtourbanstructure.HeiseditorofEnviron-
ment and Planning B, and his research work can be seen at http://www.
complexcity.info/.
e-mail:[email protected]
MichaelSBittermann.
MichaelS.Bittermannisanarchitect.HegraduatedcumlaudeasMasterofScience
inArchitecturefromDelftUniversityofTechnology,intheNetherlands,in2003.
HeconductedhisPh.D.researchatthechairofDesignInformaticsattheArchitec-
tureFacultyofDelftUniversityofTechnologyandreceivedhisPh.D.in2009.Dr.
Bittermann’s research deals with the application of computational intelligence
methodsfordesignenhancement.DuringhisPh.D.studieshepublished30papers
in the areas of architectural design and computational intelligence, including five
chaptersininternationalpeer-reviewedbooksandfivepapersininternationalpeer-
reviewedjournals.
e-mail:[email protected]
CarlosGershenson
CarlosGershensonisafulltimeresearcherattheUniversidadNacionalAuto´noma
de Me´xico (UNAM). He is Editor-in-Chief of Complexity Digest (http://comdig.
unam.mx),BookReviewEditorofArtificialLife,andComplexity-at-LargeEditor
ofComplexity.HewasapostdoctoralfellowattheNewEnglandComplexSystems
Institute (2007–2008). He holds a Ph.D. summa cum laude from the Vrije
UniversiteitBrussel,Belgium(2002–2007).Histhesiswason“DesignandControl
of Self-organizing Systems.” He also holds an M.Sc. degree in Evolutionary and
AdaptiveSystemsfromtheUniversityofSussex(2001–2002),andaBEngdegree
in Computer Engineering from the Fundacio´n Arturo Rosenblueth, Me´xico
(1996–2001). He studied five semesters of Philosophy at UNAM, Me´xico
(1998–2001). His research interests include self-organizing systems, complexity,
artificiallife,evolution,cognition,artificialsocieties,robotics,andphilosophy.
e-mail:[email protected]
Contributors ix
HermannHaken
Physicist Hermann Haken is Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics at the Uni-
versity of Stuttgart and the founder of the complexity theory of Synergetics. He
studied mathematics and physics in Halle and Erlangen, receiving his Ph.D. in
mathematics from the University of Erlangen. After being a guest lecturer at
universities in the UK and the US, he became lecturer in theoretical physics at the
University of Stuttgart in 1960 and developed there his Institute for Theoretical
Physics and Synergetics. He became Professor Emeritus in 1995. He has done
research mainly into non-linear optics, specialising in laser physics, solid state
physics, statistical physics, group theory and their implication to brain dynamics
andcognition.ProfessorHakendevelopedhisinternationalinstituteforlasertheory
ina remarkablyshort time,afterTheodore Maimanhad builtthefirstexperimental
laserinMay1960.In1963ProfessorHakenpresentedthelasertheorywhichbrought
hisinstituteinternationalrecognition.Theinterpretationofthelaserprinciplesasself-
organizationofnonequilibriumsystemspavedtheway,attheendofthe1960s,for
the development of Synergetics, of which Professor Haken is recognized as the
founder. His theory of Synergetics has been applied to a wide range of research
domains from physics to sociology, artificial intelligence, cognition and cities.
ProfessorHermannHakenreceivedtheMaxPlanckmedalforhisworkin1990.
e-mail:[email protected]
BillHillier
BillHillierisProfessorofArchitecturalandUrbanMorphologyattheUniversityof
London, Chairman of the Bartlett School of Graduate Studies and Director of the
Space Syntax Laboratory in University College London. He holds a DSc (higher
doctorate)fromtheUniversityofLondon.Astheoriginalpioneerofthemethodsfor
the analysis of spatial patterns known as ‘space syntax’, he is the author (with
Hansen) of The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge University Press, 1984, 1990)
whichpresentsageneraltheoryofhowpeoplerelatetospaceinbuiltenvironments;
SpaceistheMachine(CUP1996),whichreportsasubstantialbodyofresearchbuilt
onthattheory;andnumerousarticlesconcerningdifferentaspectsofspaceandhowit
works.Hehasalsowrittenextensivelyonotheraspectsofthetheoryofarchitecture.
e-mail:[email protected]
JeffreyJohnson
JeffreyJohnsonisProfessorofComplexityScienceandDesignattheOpenUniversity
intheUKandPresidentoftheComplexSystemsSociety.Hehasresearchedmulti-
leveldynamicsinmanyfieldsincludingtownandregionalplanning,transportation,
socialorganisation,machinevision,AIandrobotics.Hebelievesthattherecanbean
integrated science of human and physical systems based on mathematics and large
scale computation based on many important concepts from the arts, the social
sciences,andthenaturalsciences.
e-mail:[email protected]
x Contributors
StephenMarshall
Stephen Marshall is Reader in Urban Morphology and Planning at the Bartlett
SchoolofPlanning,UniversityCollegeLondon.Hisprincipalresearchinterestsare
inunderstandingandinterpretingurbanmorphology,developmentand‘evolution’,
andapplyingthisunderstandingtourbandesign,codingandplanning.Dr.Marshall
isFacultyGraduateTutor(Research)atUCL,andChairoftheEditorialBoardof
Urban Design and Planning, part of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineersjournalseries.Hehaswrittenoreditedseveralbooks,includingStreets
and Patterns (2005), Cities, Design and Evolution (2009) and Urban Coding and
Planning(2011).
e-mail:[email protected]
HanMeyer
Han Meyer is Professor of Theory and Methods of Urban Design at the Delft
University of Technology in the Netherlands since 2001. He has published a
number of books concerning the fundamentals of the discipline of Urbanism, the
presentstate-of-the-artofDutchUrbanismandonthetransformationofport-cities.
Hispresentresearchfocuseson‘Delta-urbanism,’consideringthepossibilityofan
integrated approach ofurban planning anddesign,hydraulic engineeringand port
developmentindelta-areas.
e-mail:[email protected]
JuvalPortugali
JuvalPortugaliisProfessorofHumanGeographyattheDepartmentofGeography
and the Human Environment at Tel Aviv University and a Guest Professor at the
department of Urbanism, TU Delft Faculty ofArchitecture. He is the Head of the
Environmental Simulation Laboratory (ESLab) and of the Environment, Society
andPlanningGraduateProgrammeofTelAvivUniversity.Hisresearchintegrates
complexity and self-organization theories, environmental-spatial cognition, urban
dynamics and planning in modern and ancient periods. His publications include
Implicate Relations: Society and space in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Kluwer
1993),TheConstructionofCognitiveMaps(Kluwer1996,Ed.),Self-Organization
andthecity(Springer2000),ComplexArtificialEnvironments(SpringerComplex-
itySeries2005,Ed.)andComplexity,CognitionandtheCity(Springer2011).
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
DenisePumain
DenisePumainisProfessoratUniversityParisIPanthe´on-SorbonneandDirectorof
Cybergeo,EuropeanJournalofGeography(www.cybergeo.eu).Shewastheformer
ChairoftheCommissiononUrbanDevelopmentandUrbanLifeoftheInternational