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Biodiversity and Conservation: Characterization and Utilization of Plants, Microbes, and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management PDF

473 Pages·2019·10.357 MB·English
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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Characterization and Utilization of Plants, Microbes, and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Current Advances in Biodiversity, Conservation, and Environmental Sciences BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Characterization and Utilization of Plants, Microbes, and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Edited by Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Hong Ching Goh, PhD Saher Islam, MPhil Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 1265 Goldenrod Circle NE Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Palm Bay, Florida 32905 USA © 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-748-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-42942-579-0 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, me- chanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identifica- tion without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Biodiversity and conservation : characterization and utilization of plants, microbes, and natural resources for sustainable development and ecosystem management / edited by Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Hong Ching Goh, PhD, Saher Islam, MPhil Other titles: Biodiversity and conservation (Oakville, Ont.) Names: Sangeetha, Jeyabalan, editor. | Thangadurai, D., editor. | Goh, Hong Ching, editor. | Islam, Saher, editor. Description: Series statement: Current advances in biodiversity, conservation, and environmental sciences | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190071648 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190071710 | ISBN 9781771887489 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429425790 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Biodiversity. | LCSH: Nature conservation. Classification: LCC QH541.15.B56 B56 2019 | DDC 333.95/16—dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sangeetha, Jeyabalan, editor. | Thangadurai, D., editor. | Goh, Hong Ching, editor. | Islam, Saher, editor. Title: Biodiversity and conservation : characterization and utilization of plants, microbes, and natural resources for sustainable development and ecosystem management / editors: Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Devarajan Thangadurai, Hong Ching Goh, Saher Islam. Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019006903 (print) | LCCN 2019008372 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429425790 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771887489 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Biodiversity. | Nature conservation. Classification: LCC QH541.15.B56 (ebook) | LCC QH541.15.B56 B5668 2019 (print) | DDC 333.95/16--dc23 LC record available at hhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019006903 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www. appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE EDITORS Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, South India Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Central University of Kerala at Kasaragod, South India. She earned her BSc in Microbiology and PhD in Environmental Science from Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. She holds an MSc in Envi- ronmental Science from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. She is the recipient of a Tamil Nadu Government Scholarship and a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship of the University Grants Commission, Government of India for her doctoral studies. She served as a Dr. D.S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow and a UGC Postdoctoral Fellow at Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India during 2012–2016 with funding from the University Grants Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. Her research interests are in environmental toxicology, environmental micro- biology, and environmental biotechnology, and her scientific/community leadership has included serving as editor of an international journal, Acta Biololgica Indica. Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Senior Assistant Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, is a Senior Assistant Professor at Karnatak University in South India and President of the International Society for Applied Biotechnology and General Secretary for the Association for the Advancement of Biodiversity Science. In addition, Dr. Thangadurai is Editor-in-Chief of two international journals, Biotechnology, Bioin- formatics, and Bioengineering and Acta Biologica Indica. He received his PhD in Botany from Sri Krishnadevaraya University in South India. During 2002–2004, he worked as a CSIR Senior Research Fellow with funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. He served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Madeira, Portugal; University of Delhi, India, and ICAR National Research Centre vi About the Editors for Banana, India. He is the recipient of the Best Young Scientist Award with a Gold Medal from Acharya Nagarjuna University, India, and the VGST-SMYSR Young Scientist Award of the Government of Karnataka, Republic of India. He has authored and edited 19 books including Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (3 vols.); Genes, Genomes, and Genomics (2 vols.); Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Genomics and Proteomics, Indus- trial Biotechnology; and Environmental Biotechnology, with publishers of national and international reputation. He has also visited Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Georgia, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Portugal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam for academic work, scientific meetings, and international collaborations. Hong Ching Goh, PhD Senior Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia Hong Ching Goh, PhD is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia. She holds a Doctor of Natural Science (Geography) from Rhein- ische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Germany. She received a bachelor’s degree in Urban and Regional Planning and an MSc in Tourism Planning from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She worked for five years in the real estate sector before pursuing her doctoral study when she received a three-year scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) in 2004 and was attached to the Centre for Develop- ment Research (ZEF) in Bonn as a Junior Researcher. She is a Corporate Member of the Malaysia Institute of Planners (MIP) and a Registered Member of the Board of Town Planners Malaysia. She is also an active member of the Forum for Urban Future in Southeast Asia, a network of Southeast Asian and German Experts. She was a Visiting Scholar and participated in the 2014/2015 MIT-UTM Sustainable Cities Program. She is also a member of the Global Young Academy, of which her membership serves a five-year term (2015–2019). At present, she is a core member of the Landuse Governance Unit under the Spatial-Environmental Gover- nance for Sustainability Research Centre (UMSERGE). She has two main research interests: tourism and urban studies. For the former, she focuses on tourism governance, tourism planning, and impact management in natural heritage and protected areas. For the latter, she focuses on natural About the Editors vii resource and environmental issues and governance, sustainable develop- ment of cities, urbanization, and the related risks. Saher Islam, MPhil Higher Education Commission (HEC) Scholar, Islamic Republic of Pakistan at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan Saher Islam, MPhil, is a PhD candidate in Molecular Biology and Biotech- nology and a Higher Education Commission (HEC) Scholar of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, where she received her MPhil in Molecular Biology and her BS in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics. She worked as a Research Associate in a project funded by Grand Challenges Canada at UVAS. She served as an internee at the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Lahore. She has visited United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Italy, Russia, and Maldives for training, courses, and meetings. She is the recipient of the 2016 Boeh- ringer Ingelheim Fonds Travel Grant and the 2016 Travel Grant from the Wildlife Conservation Society. She has research interests in molecular biology, bioinformatics, genetics, and conservation biology. ABOUT THE SERIES CURRENT ADVANCES IN BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SERIES EDITORS: Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, South India Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Assistant Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India Nature is that entity composed of three main internally interactive compo- nents: biodiversity–human–environment. These are triangularly related aspects of life science, and the interdependency of these three reflects the crucial need of maintenance of equilibrium in their interaction.Both human and biodiversity are two interactive phases of environment that provide a necessary platform for interaction. Being part of biodiversity, human life is almost dependent on biodiversity and its products. This is the point where the human–biodiversity interaction fluctuates due to over- exploitation of biodiversity, where humans take more than the basic needs of human life. Over the past few centuries, this fluctuation in interaction has caused dramatic depletion of biodiversity and thus a drastic change in environment. This has now boomeranged on human life significantly. This variation in the interaction triangle has already travelled the long path of time. Until now, conservationists and life scientists are thinking of restoring the equilibrium in the interaction triangle by taking innovative steps in conserving biodiversity and protecting the environment. Conservation Biology and Environmental Science are the hotspots of research activities over the past several decades. This has caused much- needed development in observing, identifying, gathering, storing, and analyzing information, social awareness, planning, and advancement in conservation tools and techniques. Conservation biologists have given more importance to building stronger networks of specialists and experts

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