Behavior Analysis and Learning 3rd ed - W. Pierce, C. Cheney (LEA, 2004) WW PDF
Preview Behavior Analysis and Learning 3rd ed - W. Pierce, C. Cheney (LEA, 2004) WW
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND LEARNING Third Edition W. David Pierce • Carl D. Cheney Behavior Analysis and Learning Behavior Analysis and Learning Third Edition W. David Pierce University of Alberta Carl D. Cheney Utah State University LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2004 Mahwah, New Jersey London Editor: Bill Webber Editorial Assistant: Kristin Duch Cover Design: Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Textbook Production Manager: Paul Smolenski Full-Service Compositor: TechBooks Text and Cover Printer: Hamilton Printing Company This book was typeset in 10.25/12pt. Goudy. The heads were typeset in Optima and Goudy. Copyright C⃝ 2004 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 www.erlbaum.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pierce, W. David. Behavior analysis and learning / W. David Pierce & Carl D. Cheney.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-4489-9 (alk. paper) 1. Behaviorism (Psychology) 2. Learning, Psychology of. I. Cheney, Carl D. II. Title. BF199.P54 2004 150.19′434—dc21 2003001719 Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To B. F. Skinner When an organism acts upon the environment in which it lives, it changes that environment in ways that often affect the organism itself. Some of these changes are what the layman calls rewards, or what are generally referred to technically as reinforcers: when they follow behavior in this way they increase the likelihood that the organism will behave in the same way again (Ferster & Skinner, 1957, p. 1) Table of Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv Chapter 1 A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History and Assumptions 1 In this chapter 1 Science and behavior 2 Focus on B. F. Skinner 8 A brief history of behavior analysis 11 Science and behavior: Some assumptions 19 Key words 23 On the web 23 Study questions 23 Brief Quiz 25 Chapter 2 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27 In this chapter 27 Functional analysis of behavior 27 Functional analysis of the environment 30 Advanced issue: Perceiving as behavior 31 Tactics of behavioral research 36 Focus on issues: Internal and external validity in experiments 40 Internal validity 41 External validity 44 Single-subject research 45 Key words 49 On the web 49 Study questions 50 Brief quiz 51 Chapter 3 Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning 53 In this chapter 53 Phylogenetic behavior 53 Ontogenetic behavior 58 vii viii Table of Contents Temporal relations and conditioning 65 Second-order respondent conditioning 67 Complex conditioning and compound stimuli 68 The Rescorla–Wagner model of conditioning 69 Advanced issue: Conditioning effects and the Rescorla–Wagner equation 71 On the applied side: Drug use, abuse, and complexities of respondent conditioning 76 Key words 79 On the web 79 Study questions 80 Brief quiz 81 Chapter 4 Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior 83 In this chapter 83 Operant behavior 83 Focus on research: Reinforcement, intrinsic motivation, and creativity 87 Focus on issues: Reinforcement and the Premack Principle 90 Extinction 100 Focus on research: Reinforcement, problem solving and creativity 102 A note on remembering and recalling 111 On the applied side: Extinction as a modification procedure for temper tantrums 112 Key words 113 On the web 114 Study questions 114 Brief quiz 115 Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement 118 In this chapter 118 The importance of schedules of reinforcement 118 Focus on issues: Science and behavior analysis 119 Focus on teaching: A system of notation 123 Schedules of positive reinforcement 124 Focus on rate of reinforcement and behavioral momentum 126 Ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement 128 Focus on research: The generality of schedule effects 134 Advanced issue: Analysis of schedule performance 138 Schedule performance in transition 144 On the applied side: Schedules of reinforcement of abstinence from cigarette smoking 146 Key words 148 Table of Contents ix On the web 148 Study questions 149 Brief quiz 151 Chapter 6 Aversive Control of Behavior 153 In this chapter 153 Contingencies of punishment 154 Focus on issues: Use of punishment in treatment 158 Contingencies of negative reinforcement 162 Focus on research: An analysis of avoidance behavior 166 Side effects of aversive procedures 168 On the applied side: Coercion and its fallout 177 Key words 179 On the web 179 Study questions 179 Brief quiz 181 Chapter 7 Operant–Respondent Interrelationships and the Biological Context of Conditioning 183 In this chapter 183 Analysis of operant–respondent contingencies 184 Advanced issue: The nature of autoshaped responses 189 Focus on teaching: Operants and respondents 194 The biological context of conditioning 195 On the applied side: Activity anorexia and the interrelations between eating and physical activity 201 Key words 205 On the web 205 Study questions 205 Brief quiz 206 Chapter 8 Stimulus Control 208 In this chapter 208 Differential reinforcement and discrimination 209 Stimulus control and multiple schedules 210 Focus on teaching: Discrimination and the “bird-brained” pigeon 212 Focus on research: Searching for the determinants of contrast 216 Generalization 217 Errorless discrimination and fading 221 Complex stimulus control 224 Focus on research: Concept formation by pigeons 227
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