Atlas of Knowledge: Anyone Can Map

225 Pages·2016·76.13 MB·Russian

by  Börner K.

Atlas of Knowledge

Atlas of Knowledge
Anyone Can Map
Katy Börner
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
© 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means
(including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission
in writing from the publisher.
For information about special quantity discounts, please e-mail [email protected]
This book was set in Adobe Caslon Pro by Tracey Theriault (graphic design and layout) and
Katy Börner (concept), Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, School of Informatics
and Computing, Indiana University. Printed and bound in Malaysia.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Börner, Katy.
Atlas of knowledge : anyone can map / Katy Börner.
pages cm
One of a series of three publications influenced by the travelling exhibit Places & Spaces:
Mapping Science, curated by the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center at Indiana
University.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-0-262-02881-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Information visualization. 2. Science—Atlases. 3. Statistics—Graphic methods.
4. Science —Study and teaching—Graphic methods. 5. Communication in science—
Data processing. 6. Technical illustration. 7. Graph design. I. Title.
QA90.B6624 2015
501'.154—dc23
2014028219
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I dedicate the Atlas of Knowledge to my husband, Robert L. Goldstone.
Contents
Analyze & Visualize
44 Statistical Studies
46 Statistical Visualization Types
48 Temporal Studies—“When”
50 Temporal Visualization Types
52 Geospatial Studies—“Where”
54 Geospatial Visualization Types
viii 1 21
56 Topical Studies—“What”
58 Topical Visualization Types
60 Network Studies—“With Whom”
Part 1: Science and Part 2: Envisioning
viii Foreword
62 Network Visualization Types
ix Preface Technology Facts Science and Technology
64 Studying Dynamics
x Acknowledgments 2 Science and Technology Motivation
Deploy
from Above 22 Foundations and Aspirations
66 Combination
4 Systems Science Approach Framework
68 Interaction
6 Micro: Individual Level 24 Needs-Driven Workflow Design
70 Human-Computer Interface
8 Meso: Local Level 26 Insight Need Types
Interpret
10 Macro: Global Level 28 Data Scale Types
72 Validation and Interpretation
30 Visualization Types
12 Universal: Multilevel
32 Graphic Symbol Types
14 S&T Dynamics: Trends
and Bursts of Activity 34 Graphic Variable Types
36 Graphic Variable Types Versus
16 S&T Dynamics:
Graphic Symbol Types
Structural Changes
Acquire
18 S&T Dynamics: Diffusion
and Feedback Patterns 40 User Needs Acquisition
42 Data Acquisition
100 Fifth Iteration (2009): 144 Seventh Iteration (2011):
Science Maps for Science Science Maps as Visual
Policy Makers Interfaces to Digital Libraries
102 Science and Society in Equilibrium 146 Mondothèque. Multimedia Desk
in a Global Internet
104 Networks of Scientific
Communications 148 Two Charts Illustrating Some of the
Relations between the Branches of
106 Realigning the Boston Traffic
Natural Science and Technology
Separation Scheme to Reduce the
75 Risk of Ship Strike to Right and 150 Visualizing Bible Cross-References 167
Other Baleen Whales
152 Finding Research Literature
108 Mobile Landscapes: Using on Autism
Location Data from Cell Phones
Part 3: Science Maps 154 Design Vs. Emergence: Visualization Part 4: Outlook
for Urban Analysis
of Knowledge Orders
in Action 168 S&T Trends
110 Death and Taxes 2009
156 Map of Scientific Collaborations
76 Places & Spaces: Mapping Science 170 Data Monitoring and Analytics
112 Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. from 2005–2009
Innovation Engine
78 Fourth Iteration (2008): 158 The Census of Antique Works of 172 Real-Time Visualization
Science Maps for Economic 114 A Topic Map of NIH Grants 2007 Art and Architecture Known in the
174 Democratizing Knowledge
Decision Makers Renaissance, 1947–2005
116 A Clickstream Map of Science and Participation
80 Europe Raw Cotton Imports in 160 Seeing Standards: A Visualization
118 U.S. Vulnerabilities in Science 176 International Science Observatory
1858, 1864, and 1865 of the Metadata Universe
120 The Millennium Development
82 Shrinking of Our Planet 162 MACE Classification Taxonomy
Goals Map
84 Tracing of Key Events in the 164 History of Science Fiction
122 Sixth Iteration (2010):
Development of the Video
Science Maps for Scholars
Tape Recorder
124 Tree of Life 178 References & Credits
86 World Finance Corporation, Miami,
Florida, ca 1970–1979 (6th Version) 126 The Human Connectome 206 Index
88 Examining the Evolution 128 Diseasome: The Human
and Distribution of Patent Disease Network
Classifications
130 Human Speechome Project
90 Ecological Footprint
132 Mapping the Archive: Prix
92 The Product Space Ars Electronica
94 4D. The Structured Visual 134 Knowledge Cartography
Approach to Business-Issue
136 Literary Empires: Mapping
Resolution
Temporal and Spatial Settings
96 The Scientific Roots of Technology of Victorian Poetry
98 A Global Projection of Subjective 138 The Emergence of Nanoscience
Well-Being & Technology
140 Weaving the Fabric of Science
142 U.S. Job Market: Where Are the
Academic Jobs?
vii
Foreword
You could say it was Marco Polo who started it shield of method, we boldly took scientific thinking we are, where we’re going, and, especially, what
all when he returned from China and reported where no minds had gone before. The aim: to learn we’re likely to find when we get there.
the distance he’d travelled east from Europe as a more and more about less and less. Accurate prediction is now more essential than
lot farther than it really was. So when the Italian Faster than you could say “epistemology,” the ever, given above all the unimaginable potential
hotshot mathematician Paolo Toscanelli used Polo’s knowledge disciplines proliferated, generating social consequences of developments in different
data to finalize a new map of the world and then niche studies (let’s hear it for the PhD!) that in turn science and technology fields. Take, for example,
Columbus got hold of a copy, the distance to China became disciplines generating their own niche stud- nanotechnology: We have perhaps fifty years before
going the other way (west, straight across an empty ies. Silo-thinking was here to stay. And (to mix the first nanofabricator, powered by photovoltaics,
ocean) looked quick and easy. Then, oops, America! metaphors), inside every intellectual silo, blinkered is able to manipulate material at the atomic level to
With the discovery of a new continent, there went the specialists worked away, blissfully unaware of what create molecules and then turn those molecules into
neighborhood. The definitive map of the world at the might be going on in other silos. stuff and use that stuff to manufacture gold, food,
time was that crafted by Aristotle, who hadn’t included Then the fun began. As products and ideas began bricks, water, and so on from primarily dirt, water,
America. What was the place doing there? And what to emerge from specialist silos, they would bump and air, making almost anything, almost free.
about all the amazing stuff that began to pour in into each other with results that were more than the The first thing the first fabricator might do is make
from the newfound world: new species, new minerals, sum of the parts. One and one began to make three. a copy of itself: one for everyone on the planet in a
new races, none of which were in Aristotle either. Maybach brought together the perfume spray with matter of months. Then live wherever your fancy takes
In 1533, Dutch mathematician Gemma Frisius gasoline and invented the carburetor. Electricity and you, entirely self-sufficient, with the means electroni-
complicated matters with his idea for fixing a loca- magnetism made possible the telegraph. The discov- cally to transmit yourself across the world as a three-
tion by triangulation, thus making it easier for ery of the bacillus plus the invention of aniline dye dimensional hologram, a world not of 196 nations
explorers to sail off into the blue; now at any point added up to chemotherapy. As I have shown in my but of nine billion autonomous individuals with the
en route explorers could use the position of the own work, innovation comes when ideas are linked freedom to do, and be, whatever they choose.
last headland and the position of the next one to in new ways. On the great web of knowledge, ulti- Chaos may follow. The free provision of every
pinpoint where they were. Headland by headland, mately everything is linked to everything else. material need and behavior unfettered by community
the more they advanced, turning the unknown into Innovation is the rule, not the exception. constraint may call into question every social institu-
the known, the more unknown there was to explore. As the specialists multiplied and communica- tion from government to belief systems to the cultural
Discovery bred discovery, which left the other prob- tions technology made it easier for them to interact, values that unite us to the entire market economy.
lem: What to do about their returning cargoes— the pace of innovation quickened, with unexpected Since leaving the caves, we have focused our full
that new stuff Aristotle hadn’t mentioned—all of results. Ripple effects could be unpredictable: The attention on dealing with scarcity. The finely honed
which seriously upset the comfortable medieval view typewriter took women out of the kitchen into the skills we have developed in order to handle that
of the world and everything in it. office and boosted the divorce rate, refrigerators millennial problem have left us totally unprepared
Panic set in. If Aristotle could be that wrong, chilled food and punched a hole in the ozone layer, for the radical abundance that lies down the road.
then which way was up? As contemporary worrier and X-rays bouncing off coal-crystal structures trig- The journey from here to there is fraught with diffi-
John Donne put it: “The new philosophy (aka the gered the genetics industry. The sciences began to culties and perhaps even danger. We need to be able
new discoveries) calls all in doubt.” In the growing take on double, bump-together names: neurophysi- to identify when required that (as they would have
intellectual confusion, the search was on to generate ology, molecular biology, astrophysics, and more. said in medieval cartography) “Here there be drag-
data one could trust. Gobbledygook was here to stay. ons.” We need maps to guide us, to show us where not
So thank you, René Descartes. In 1637, his Then came the Internet, and suddenly it was to go, what innovations and new ideas not to espouse,
methodical doubt and reductionism (double-check Columbus and Frisius all over again. Today, we find to reveal the unknown unknowns so as to enable us to
everything, down to the smallest detail) took the ourselves in a vast, chaotic, interactive, constantly predict the outcome of our choices along the way.
risk out of risk, and the West threw itself into intel- innovative, exponentially expanding world of data in This extraordinary Atlas is the first step on that road.
lectual and geographical exploration with all the which change is happening so fast that without
abandon of an alcoholic in a brewery. The new the means to triangulate from one set of data to James Burke
mantra was “find useful knowledge.” Armed with another, to see how the data relate, and what kind Science historian, author, and television producer
the sword of reductionism and protected by the of innovation they may trigger we don’t know where London, United Kingdom
viii