Astrometry for Astrophysics: Methods, Models, and Applications PDF
Preview Astrometry for Astrophysics: Methods, Models, and Applications
more information - www. cambridge.org/9780521519205 AstrometryforAstrophysics Methods,Models,andApplications Thefieldofastrometry,theprecisemeasurementofthepositions,distances,andmotionsof astronomicalobjects,hasbeenrevolutionizedinrecentyears.Asweenterthehigh-precision era,itwillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinallareasofastronomy,astrophysics,and cosmology. This edited text starts by looking at the opportunities and challenges facing astrometry in the twenty-first century, from space and ground. The new formalisms of relativity required to take advantage of microarcsecond astrometry are then discussed, beforethereaderisguidedthroughthebasicmethodsrequiredtotransformourobservations from detected photons to the celestial sphere. The final section of the text shows how a variety of astronomical problems can be solved using astrometric methods. Bringing together work from a broad range of experts in the field, this textbook is designed to introducegraduatestudentsandresearchersaliketothestudyofastrometry. WilliamF.vanAltena is Professor Emeritus in the Astronomy Department, Yale University, andhastaughtundergraduateandgraduatecoursesinintroductoryastronomy,astronomical observing,andastrometryforover40years.HeservedasDirectoroftheYerkesObserva- tory,ChairoftheYaleAstronomyDepartment,PresidentoftheWIYNConsortiumBoard ofDirectorsandtheYaleSouthernObservatoryBoardofDirectors,andwasTeamLeader for the Hubble Space Telescope’s Astrometry Instrument Definition Team and a member of the HST Astrometry Science Team. His current research involves studies of the kine- maticalstructureoftheMilkyWayinthesouthernhemisphere,binarystars,andtheuseof high-technologycamerastostudygalaxyremnantsthataremergingwiththeMilkyWay. Cover illustration: the orbits of stars within the central arcsecond of our Galaxy. In the background,thecentralportionofadiffraction-limitedadaptiveopticsimagetakenin2008 isdisplayed.Whileeverystarinthisimagehasbeenseentomoveoverthepast14years, onlyafewofthestarswithwell-determinedorbitalparametersarehighlighted.Theannual average positions fortheseseven starsareplotted ascolored dots, whichhave increasing colorsaturationwithtime.Alsoplottedarethebestfittingsimultaneousorbitalsolutions. These orbits provide the best evidence yet for a supermassive black hole with a mass of 4milliontimesthemassoftheSun.NotethattheorbitshavebeenoffsetfromtheGalactic centerintheimagetoachievebalanceinthecoverillustration.SeeFig.10.2forthecorrect placementoftheorbits.CourtesyofAndreaGhez. Astrometry for Astrophysics Methods, Models, and Applications Editedby WILLIAM F. VAN ALTENA YaleUniversity,Connecticut CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521519205 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-521-51920-5Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis, orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pageviii Listofacronyms xi Preface xvii PartI Astrometryinthetwenty-firstcentury 1 Opportunitiesandchallengesforastrometryinthetwenty-firstcentury 3 MichaelPerryman 2 Astrometricsatellites 14 LennartLindegren 3 Ground-basedopportunitiesforastrometry 29 NorbertZacharias PartII Foundationsofastrometryandcelestialmechanics 4 Vectorsinastrometry:anintroduction 39 LennartLindegren 5 Relativisticfoundationsofastrometryandcelestialmechanics 47 SergeiKlioner 6 CelestialmechanicsoftheN-bodyproblem 69 SergeiKlioner 7 Celestialcoordinatesystemsandpositions 93 NicoleCapitaineandMagdaStavinschi 8 Fundamentalalgorithmsforcelestialcoordinatesystemsandpositions 112 PatrickT.Wallace v vi Contents PartIII Observingthroughtheatmosphere 9 TheEarth’satmosphere:refraction,turbulence,delays,andlimitationstoastrometric precision 121 WilliamF.vanAltenaandEdwardB.Fomalont 10 Astrometrywithground-baseddiffraction-limitedimaging 142 AndreaGhez 11 Opticalinterferometry 154 AndreasGlindemann 12 Radioastrometry 175 EdwardB.Fomalont PartIV Fromdetectedphotonstothecelestialsphere 13 Geometricalopticsandastrometry 201 DanielJ.Schroeder 14 CCDimagingdetectors 222 SteveB.Howell 15 UsingCCDsinthetime-delayintegrationmode 235 DavidL.Rabinowitz 16 Statisticalastrometry 242 AnthonyG.A.Brown 17 Analyzingpoorlysampledimages:HSTimagingastrometry 257 JayAnderson 18 Imagedeconvolution 265 JorgeNu´n˜ez 19 Frommeasurestocelestialcoordinates 277 ZhengHongTangandWilliamF.vanAltena 20 Astrometriccatalogs:concept,history,andnecessity 297 CarlosE.Lo´pez 21 Trigonometricparallaxes 309 G.FritzBenedictandBarbaraE.McArthur vii Contents PartV Applicationsofastrometrytotopicsinastrophysics 22 Galacticstructureastrometry 325 Rene´ A.Me´ndez 23 Binaryandmultiplestars 345 ElliottHorch 24 Binaries:HST,Hipparcos,andGaia 355 DimitriPourbaix 25 Starclusters 360 ImantsPlatais 26 SolarSystemastrometry 368 Franc¸oisMignard 27 Extrasolarplanets 379 AlessandroSozzetti 28 Astrometricmeasurementandcosmology 395 RichardEasther Index 401 Contributors ANDERSONJay FOMALONTEdwardB. SpaceTelescopeScienceInstitute NRAO 3700SanMartinDrive 52EdgemontRd BaltimoreMD21218-2410 Charlottesville UnitedStates VA22903-2475 UnitedStates BENEDICTG.Fritz McDonaldObservatory GHEZAndrea UniversityofTexasAustin DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy 1UniversityStationC1402 UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles AustinTX78712-0259 430PortolaPlaza UnitedStates LosAngelesCA90095-1547 UnitedStates BROWNAnthonyG.A. LeidenObservatory GLINDEMANNAndreas LeidenUniversity ESO POBox9513 Karl-Schwarzschild-Str2 2300RALeiden DE85748GarchingbeiMu¨nchen TheNetherlands Germany CAPITAINENicole HORCHElliott SYRTE DepartmentofPhysics ObservatoiredeParis SouthernConnecticutStateUniversity 61Avdel’Observatoire 501CrescentSt. FR75014Paris NewHavenCT06515 France UnitedStates EASTHERRichard DepartmentofPhysics HOWELLSteveB. UniversityofAuckland NASAAmesResearchCenter PrivateBag92019 M/S244-30 NZAuckland1142 MoffettFieldCA94035 NewZealand UnitedStates viii ix Contributors KLIONERSergei NU´N˜EZJorge LohrmannObservatory Departamentd’AstronomiaiMeteorologia TechnicalUniversityDresden Universitat de Barcelona and Observatorio Mommsenstr13 Fabra. DE01062Dresden Av.Diagonal647 Germany ES08028Barcelona Spain LINDEGRENLennart LundObservatory PERRYMANMichael LundUniversity SchoolofPhysics Box43 UniversityofBristol SE22100Lund TyndallAvenue Sweden BristolBS81TL UnitedKingdom LO´PEZCarlosE. Observato´rioAstrono´mico“FelixAguilar” PLATAISImants UniversidadNacionaldeSanJuan Dept.ofPhysics&Astronomy SanJuan JohnsHopkinsUniversity Argentina 3400N.CharlesSt. BaltimoreMD21218 MCARTHURBarbaraE. UnitedStates McDonaldObservatory UniversityofTexasAustin POURBAIXDimitri 1UniversityStationC1402 F.R.S.–FNRS AustinTX78712-0259 Instd’Astronomieetd’Astrophysique UnitedStates Universite´ LibredeBruxelles CP226 ME´NDEZRene´A. BdduTriomphe UniversidaddeChile BE1050Bruxelles DeptdeAstronom´ıa&Observatorio Belgium Astrono´micoNacional Casilla36-D RABINOWITZDavidL. CorreoCentral CenterforAstronomyandAstrophysics Santiago YaleUniversity Chile POBox208121 NewHavenCT06520 MIGNARDFranc¸ois UnitedStates LAGRANGE ObservatoiredelaCoˆted’Azur SCHROEDERDanielJ. Bddel’Observatoire BeloitCollege BP4229 700CollegeSt. FR06304NiceCedex4 BeloitWI53511 France UnitedStates
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