Astrometry for Astrophysics: Methods, Models, and Applications

430 Pages·2013·3.453 MB·English

by  William F. van Altena

more information - www. cambridge.org/9780521519205
AstrometryforAstrophysics
Methods,Models,andApplications
Thefieldofastrometry,theprecisemeasurementofthepositions,distances,andmotionsof
astronomicalobjects,hasbeenrevolutionizedinrecentyears.Asweenterthehigh-precision
era,itwillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinallareasofastronomy,astrophysics,and
cosmology. This edited text starts by looking at the opportunities and challenges facing
astrometry in the twenty-first century, from space and ground. The new formalisms of
relativity required to take advantage of microarcsecond astrometry are then discussed,
beforethereaderisguidedthroughthebasicmethodsrequiredtotransformourobservations
from detected photons to the celestial sphere. The final section of the text shows how
a variety of astronomical problems can be solved using astrometric methods. Bringing
together work from a broad range of experts in the field, this textbook is designed to
introducegraduatestudentsandresearchersaliketothestudyofastrometry.
WilliamF.vanAltena is Professor Emeritus in the Astronomy Department, Yale University,
andhastaughtundergraduateandgraduatecoursesinintroductoryastronomy,astronomical
observing,andastrometryforover40years.HeservedasDirectoroftheYerkesObserva-
tory,ChairoftheYaleAstronomyDepartment,PresidentoftheWIYNConsortiumBoard
ofDirectorsandtheYaleSouthernObservatoryBoardofDirectors,andwasTeamLeader
for the Hubble Space Telescope’s Astrometry Instrument Definition Team and a member
of the HST Astrometry Science Team. His current research involves studies of the kine-
maticalstructureoftheMilkyWayinthesouthernhemisphere,binarystars,andtheuseof
high-technologycamerastostudygalaxyremnantsthataremergingwiththeMilkyWay.
Cover illustration: the orbits of stars within the central arcsecond of our Galaxy. In the
background,thecentralportionofadiffraction-limitedadaptiveopticsimagetakenin2008
isdisplayed.Whileeverystarinthisimagehasbeenseentomoveoverthepast14years,
onlyafewofthestarswithwell-determinedorbitalparametersarehighlighted.Theannual
average positions fortheseseven starsareplotted ascolored dots, whichhave increasing
colorsaturationwithtime.Alsoplottedarethebestfittingsimultaneousorbitalsolutions.
These orbits provide the best evidence yet for a supermassive black hole with a mass of
4milliontimesthemassoftheSun.NotethattheorbitshavebeenoffsetfromtheGalactic
centerintheimagetoachievebalanceinthecoverillustration.SeeFig.10.2forthecorrect
placementoftheorbits.CourtesyofAndreaGhez.

Astrometry for Astrophysics
Methods, Models, and Applications
Editedby
WILLIAM F. VAN ALTENA
YaleUniversity,Connecticut
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521519205
(cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2013
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2013
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-521-51920-5Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
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orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pageviii
Listofacronyms xi
Preface xvii
PartI Astrometryinthetwenty-firstcentury
1 Opportunitiesandchallengesforastrometryinthetwenty-firstcentury 3
MichaelPerryman
2 Astrometricsatellites 14
LennartLindegren
3 Ground-basedopportunitiesforastrometry 29
NorbertZacharias
PartII Foundationsofastrometryandcelestialmechanics
4 Vectorsinastrometry:anintroduction 39
LennartLindegren
5 Relativisticfoundationsofastrometryandcelestialmechanics 47
SergeiKlioner
6 CelestialmechanicsoftheN-bodyproblem 69
SergeiKlioner
7 Celestialcoordinatesystemsandpositions 93
NicoleCapitaineandMagdaStavinschi
8 Fundamentalalgorithmsforcelestialcoordinatesystemsandpositions 112
PatrickT.Wallace
v
vi Contents
PartIII Observingthroughtheatmosphere
9 TheEarth’satmosphere:refraction,turbulence,delays,andlimitationstoastrometric
precision 121
WilliamF.vanAltenaandEdwardB.Fomalont
10 Astrometrywithground-baseddiffraction-limitedimaging 142
AndreaGhez
11 Opticalinterferometry 154
AndreasGlindemann
12 Radioastrometry 175
EdwardB.Fomalont
PartIV Fromdetectedphotonstothecelestialsphere
13 Geometricalopticsandastrometry 201
DanielJ.Schroeder
14 CCDimagingdetectors 222
SteveB.Howell
15 UsingCCDsinthetime-delayintegrationmode 235
DavidL.Rabinowitz
16 Statisticalastrometry 242
AnthonyG.A.Brown
17 Analyzingpoorlysampledimages:HSTimagingastrometry 257
JayAnderson
18 Imagedeconvolution 265
JorgeNu´n˜ez
19 Frommeasurestocelestialcoordinates 277
ZhengHongTangandWilliamF.vanAltena
20 Astrometriccatalogs:concept,history,andnecessity 297
CarlosE.Lo´pez
21 Trigonometricparallaxes 309
G.FritzBenedictandBarbaraE.McArthur
vii Contents
PartV Applicationsofastrometrytotopicsinastrophysics
22 Galacticstructureastrometry 325
Rene´ A.Me´ndez
23 Binaryandmultiplestars 345
ElliottHorch
24 Binaries:HST,Hipparcos,andGaia 355
DimitriPourbaix
25 Starclusters 360
ImantsPlatais
26 SolarSystemastrometry 368
Franc¸oisMignard
27 Extrasolarplanets 379
AlessandroSozzetti
28 Astrometricmeasurementandcosmology 395
RichardEasther
Index 401
Contributors
ANDERSONJay FOMALONTEdwardB.
SpaceTelescopeScienceInstitute NRAO
3700SanMartinDrive 52EdgemontRd
BaltimoreMD21218-2410 Charlottesville
UnitedStates VA22903-2475
UnitedStates
BENEDICTG.Fritz
McDonaldObservatory GHEZAndrea
UniversityofTexasAustin DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy
1UniversityStationC1402 UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles
AustinTX78712-0259 430PortolaPlaza
UnitedStates LosAngelesCA90095-1547
UnitedStates
BROWNAnthonyG.A.
LeidenObservatory
GLINDEMANNAndreas
LeidenUniversity
ESO
POBox9513
Karl-Schwarzschild-Str2
2300RALeiden
DE85748GarchingbeiMu¨nchen
TheNetherlands
Germany
CAPITAINENicole
HORCHElliott
SYRTE
DepartmentofPhysics
ObservatoiredeParis
SouthernConnecticutStateUniversity
61Avdel’Observatoire
501CrescentSt.
FR75014Paris
NewHavenCT06515
France
UnitedStates
EASTHERRichard
DepartmentofPhysics HOWELLSteveB.
UniversityofAuckland NASAAmesResearchCenter
PrivateBag92019 M/S244-30
NZAuckland1142 MoffettFieldCA94035
NewZealand UnitedStates
viii
ix Contributors
KLIONERSergei NU´N˜EZJorge
LohrmannObservatory Departamentd’AstronomiaiMeteorologia
TechnicalUniversityDresden Universitat de Barcelona and Observatorio
Mommsenstr13 Fabra.
DE01062Dresden Av.Diagonal647
Germany ES08028Barcelona
Spain
LINDEGRENLennart
LundObservatory PERRYMANMichael
LundUniversity SchoolofPhysics
Box43 UniversityofBristol
SE22100Lund TyndallAvenue
Sweden BristolBS81TL
UnitedKingdom
LO´PEZCarlosE.
Observato´rioAstrono´mico“FelixAguilar” PLATAISImants
UniversidadNacionaldeSanJuan Dept.ofPhysics&Astronomy
SanJuan JohnsHopkinsUniversity
Argentina 3400N.CharlesSt.
BaltimoreMD21218
MCARTHURBarbaraE. UnitedStates
McDonaldObservatory
UniversityofTexasAustin POURBAIXDimitri
1UniversityStationC1402 F.R.S.–FNRS
AustinTX78712-0259 Instd’Astronomieetd’Astrophysique
UnitedStates Universite´ LibredeBruxelles
CP226
ME´NDEZRene´A. BdduTriomphe
UniversidaddeChile BE1050Bruxelles
DeptdeAstronom´ıa&Observatorio Belgium
Astrono´micoNacional
Casilla36-D RABINOWITZDavidL.
CorreoCentral CenterforAstronomyandAstrophysics
Santiago YaleUniversity
Chile POBox208121
NewHavenCT06520
MIGNARDFranc¸ois UnitedStates
LAGRANGE
ObservatoiredelaCoˆted’Azur SCHROEDERDanielJ.
Bddel’Observatoire BeloitCollege
BP4229 700CollegeSt.
FR06304NiceCedex4 BeloitWI53511
France UnitedStates