Assessment of Immune Status by the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test

375 Pages·1982·6.659 MB·English

by  D. Thomson (Eds.)

Contributors
Richard J. Ablin P. A. Jennings
Thierry Appelboom Hans K. Kotlar
Rashid A. Bhatti Paul LeDuc
H. O. Douglass, Jr. Annette E. Maluish
Vay L. W. Go Richard F. Mortensen
M. H. Goldrosen A. E. Powell
Patrick D. Guinan R. E. Ritts, Jr.
W. J. Halliday Tore Sanner
Vladimir Holän Adi Shani
Patrick G. Holt Hyman Tannenbaum
E. D. Holyoke D. M. P. Thomson
J. H. Howell Louis H. Weiland
Robert H. Yonemoto
Assessment of Immune
Status by the
Leukocyte Adherence
Inhibition Test
Edited by
D. M. P. THOMSON
Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy
The Montreal General Hospital
McGill University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1982
@
ACADEMIC PRESS
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Assessment of immune status "by the leukocyte adherence
inhibition test.
Includes "bibliographies and index.
1. Leucocyte adherence inhibition test. 2. Tumor
antigens—Analysis. I. Thomson, D. M. P. CDHLM:
1. Immunologie technics. 2. Immunoassay. QV 525
A8U6D
ΟΒΐδΤ.Ιι^ΤΑΟΤ 6l6.99f20T5Ö2 82-3981*
ISBN 0-12-689750-6 AACR2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Richard J. Ablin (185), Division of Immunology, Cook County Hospital and
Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Thierry Appelboom (233), Division of Rheumatology, Erasme University
Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
Rashid A. Bhatti (185), Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital and
Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, Chicago, Illinois 60612
H. O. Douglass, Jr. (289), Department of Surgical Oncology, Tumor Im-
munology Laboratory, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New
York 14263
Vay L. W. Go (173), Gastroenterology Unit, Mayo Medical School, Mayo
Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
M. H. Goldrosen (289), Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Sur-
gical Oncology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York
14263
Patrick D. Guinan (185), Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital and
Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, Chicago, Illinois 60612
W. J. Halliday (3), Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland,
St. Lucia, 4067 Brisbane, Australia
Vladimir Holan (107), Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, 160 20 Prague 6, Czechoslovakia
Patrick G. Holt (253), Princess Margaret Children's Medical Research
Foundation, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, 6001 West-
ern Australia, Australia
xiii
xiv List of Contributors
E. D. Holyoke (289), Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Surgi-
cal Oncology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
/. H. Howell* (289), Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Surgi-
cal Oncology,Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
P. A. Jennings} (341), Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public
Health, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4067 Brisbane, Australia
Hans K. Kotlar (53), Laboratory of Environmental and Occupational Cancer,
Norsk Hydro's Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium
Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 3, Norway
Paul LeDuc (173), Microbiology Research Laboratory, Mayo Medical School,
Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Annette E. Maluish (3, 367), Laboratory of Immunodiagnosis, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Richard F. Mortensen (315), Department of Microbiology, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus, Ohio 43210
A. E. Powell (27), Departments of Biochemistry and Surgery, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
R. E. Ritts, Jr. (173), Microbiology Research Laboratory, Mayo Medical
School, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Tore Sanner (53), Laboratory of Environmental and Occupational Cancer,
Norsk Hydro's Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium
Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 3, Norway
Adi Shani (173), Medical Oncology Unit, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
Hyman Tannenbaum (207), Rheumatic Disease Unit, The Montreal General
Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
D. M. P. Thomson (127), Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, The
Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G
1A4, Canada
Louis H. Weiland (173), Department of Pathology, Mayo Medical School,
Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Robert H. Yonemoto (75), Department of General and Oncologic Surgery,
City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010
* Present address: Gastrointestinal Research Unit, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleve-
land, Ohio 44106.
t Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council Centre, Univer-
sity Medical School, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
Preface
In 1972, Halliday and Miller published their discovery of the phenomenon
of tumor antigen-induced inhibition of adherence of leukocytes to glass or
leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI). This discovery came at a time when
major changes were taking place in the prevailing views regarding tumor
immunology. Over the past few years, it has become popular in certain
quarters to question the whole basis of immunological approaches to cancer.
This negative view comes from the failure of transplantation tests to reveal
any immunogenicity in a series of spontaneous mouse tumors, from the
finding that athymic mice do not have a high incidence of spontaneous
tumors, from the lack of in vitro assays to detect antitumor immune re-
sponses reproducibly, from the inability to identify the elusive cancer-
specific antigen, and from the failure of immunotherapy to make major
advances in dealing with clinical cancer. Despite the serious challenge to
tumor immunology, investigators, who were attracted to the LAI phenome-
non because of its rapidity and simplicity, found that a specific immune
response to cancers of animals and humans could be detected by LAI, reli-
ably and reproducibly.
By 1978, a comparatively small number of investigators had become in-
terested in the application of this phenomenon, were exploring the
mechanism of the response, and were attempting to isolate the putative
antigens. The First International Workshop on Leukocyte Adherence Inhi-
bition was convened to discuss these issues. So confident in the LAI
methodology were these investigators that they agreed to demonstrate their
techniques under makeshift laboratory conditions at the workshop. The
specificity of the phenomenon for detecting the immune response to cancer
xv
xvi Preface
was demonstrated, conclusively, with coded samples of blood, provided and
supervised by outside investigators. To my knowledge, this was the first
successful demonstration at a workshop of any in vitro assay of specific
antitumor immunity in humans. Since then, the LAI phenomenon has
gained worldwide acceptance, even though we have been in a transition
period for rejecting histologic type-specific reactivity by cancer patients as
assayed by the microcytotoxicity assay.
Initially, the LAI assay was used to study immune responses to cancer, but
because of its many advantages the assay is being used increasingly to study
immune responses to a variety of antigens. In view of the fact that current
interest in the LAI phenomenon spans many disciplines, both basic and
clinical, it was felt that a book describing the results and cellular mechanisms
of the different methods for doing LAI would be both useful and timely. In
the present volume, the contributions have come from basic and clinical
scientists and reflect the breadth and scope of interest in LAI. Each was
invited to present one or more aspect of his or her research in a relatively
comprehensive fashion, and was encouraged to emphasize current informa-
tion, including unpublished data. The chapters in this book cover many
aspects of the immune response and cellular requirements in LAI. As in any
rapidly developing field, by the time the book has been edited for publica-
tion, new areas of investigation open up. Nonetheless, we hope that this
volume will cover most areas.
This book is composed of three parts which cover all aspects of investiga-
tions on the phenomenon. Part I deals with the hemocytometer assay. Part
II covers the immune response as assayed by the tube method. Part III is
concerned with the microplate assay. The chapters are arranged in a consis-
tent format. There is a brief introduction. The LAI methodology is then
presented in sufficient detail so that it can be compared with alternative
techniques. Because investigators express their LAI results in many ways,
each contributor outlines the method that has been adopted for determining
whether the LAI phenomenon measures a specific immune response. Fi-
nally, each contributor provides a perspective on how these LAI phenomena
fit in with and relate to the traditional immune response.
The aim of this volume is to provide investigators, beginning as well as
experienced, in all aspects of immunologic research, easy access to the basic
and critical information on the antigen-induced LAI phenomenon for
measuring immune responses. While LAI is a well recognized method for
measuring antitumor immune responses to experimental and human cancer,
less well known is its application to the study of histocompatibility differ-
Preface XVÜ
ences, to the study of various viral, bacterial, and fungal antigens, to the
study of contact allergens, and to the study of connective tissue diseases such
as rheumatoid arthritis. The chapters of this book cover these aspects. In-
deed, it is hoped that investigators in various disciplines will read this book
and recognize the possibilities of applying the simple methodology of LAI to
their own research interests.
I thank all the contributors for their cooperative efforts, which made the
editing of this book a gratifying experience.
D. M. P. Thomson
1
Hemocytometer LAI: Immunological
Basis and Applications
W. J. HALLIDAY and ANNETTE E. MALUISH
I. Introduction 4
II. Historical Survey 4
III. Technical Summary 6
A. Materials 6
B. Direct LAI Test 8
C. Indirect LAI Test 9
D. Calculation of Results 9
IV. Reaction Mechanism 11
A. General Properties 11
B. Studies with Murine Peritoneal Cells 12
C. Studies with Murine Spleen Cells 14
D. Studies with Human Blood Leukocytes 14
E. Blocking Factors 16
V. Immunodiagnosis of Human Cancer 18
A. Specificity and Sensitivity 19
B. Relationship of Leukocyte and Serum Activities 20
C. Monitoring after Therapy 20
VI. Some Comparisons and Relationships 20
A. With Other Variations of LAI 20
B. With Other in Vitro Techniques of CMI 21
C. With in Vivo Phenomena 23
VII. Future Prospects 24
References 25
3
ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE STATUS BY THE Copyright © 1982 by Academic Press, Inc.
LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TEST All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-689750-6
4 I. LAI on Hemocytometers
I. INTRODUCTION
In the decade since the initial observations (Halliday and Miller, 1972)
leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) has evolved in several ways. From
being an obscure phenomenon associated with murine tumors, LAI is now
recognized as an immunological reaction; it has antigen-related specificity
and the cells and molecules that mediate reactivity are typical of many other
in vitro reactions. LAI has been applied to studies of human cancer immu-
nity and to a variety of other antigens in animals and man. A consequence of
technical evolution is the current existence of several forms of the LAI assay.
Initially introduced in an attempt to make the technique more reproducible
and objective, these variant assays unexpectedly disclosed new phenomena:
there is more than one LAI reaction. The three major variants constitute the
sections of this book.
One must have mixed feelings about the introduction of variant LAI as-
says. Certainly a fertile field for investigation has been revealed, and some
aspects of the newer assays are technical improvements. However, the exis-
tence of several LAI methods, each with its own characteristics, must lead to
some confusion and mitigate against the ready acceptance of LAI. It is hoped
that this book will bring together and reconcile the divergent developments.
This chapter is concerned in detail with the LAI technique as originally
performed in glass hemocytometers.
II. HISTORICAL SURVEY
Many aspects of the early development of LAI were covered in a previous
article (Halliday, 1979). There it was recounted that work on macrophage
migration inhibition with murine tumor antigens (Halliday and Webb, 1969;
Halliday, 1972) preceded the discovery of LAI. In an attempt to reduce the
time and the effort required for capillary-tube migration experiments,
peritoneal cells were tested for their ability to adhere to glass and exhibit
antigen-induced adherence inhibition during a 1-hr incubation period. Petri
dishes and microscope slides were unsatisfactory as glass surfaces and even-
tually hemocytometer slides were employed. The marked squares permitted
cells to be counted before and after "washing" of the slide, to determine the
degree of adherence (Halliday and Miller, 1972). An almost identical tech-
nique is still used and is described in Section III.
The phenomenon observed—tumor-specific inhibition of adherence of
peritoneal leukocytes from tumor-sensitized mice, by crude tumor
extract—was superficially similar to migration inhibition. Hence, it was an-
ticipated that LAI would be mediated by a soluble lymphokine and that the