Appropriate Technology and Its Role in Development

494 Pages·2009·10.18 MB·English

Appropriate Technology
for Development
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A Select Bibliography on Economic Development: With Annota
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Westview Special Studies in
Social, Political, and Economic Development
Appropriate TechnoZogy for DeveZopment:
A Discussion and Case Histories
edited by Donald D. Evans and Laurie Nogg Adler
This analysis of appropriate technology first explores
the concept of development in terms of needs, characteristics,
and theories and then examines the pivotal role of technology
in the developmental process. The twenty contemporary case
histories illustrate specific instances of applied technology,
not necessarily as examples of successful application, but
as subjects for critical review. They are followed by an anal
ysis of the cases and an extensive annotated bibliography.
Donald D. Evans is deputy director of the Office of Inter
national Programs at the Denver Research Institute (DRI), Uni
versity of Denver. Laurie Nogg Adler is research associate in
the Office of International Programs at DRI.
Appropriate Technology
for Development:
A Discussion and Case Histories
edited by Donald D. Evans
and Laurie Nogg Adler
A Study Prepared by Denver Research Institute,
University of De{nver
Westview Press / Boulder, Colorado
Westview Special studies in
Social~ Political~ and Economic Development
This project has been sponsored through contract NO. AID/DSAN
C-0062 with ~he Office of Science and Technology, Agency for
International Development, U.S. Department of State. The views
and opinions expressed in this report, however, are those of
the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the
sponsor.
Published in 1979 in the United States of America by
Westview Press, Inc.
5500 Central Avenue
Boulder, Colorado 80301
Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-5154
ISBN: 0-89158-567-2 (hardcover)
ISBN: 0-89158-750-0 (paperback)
Composition for this book was provided by the Editors.
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Contents
LIST OF TABLES. xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS xv
FOREWORD. . . . xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
CONTRIBUTORS. . xxi
ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES
xXV
PART 1 - APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN
DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . 1
Donald D. Evans
The Need for Development. . 3
The Meaning of Development. . 8
The Relationship of Technology to Development. 24
Concept of Appropriate Technology. . . . . . . 35
Appropriate Technology--Limitations and Barriers. 52
Appropriate Technology in U.S. Policy. . . . . 67
Appendix 0.1: Excerpts from World Development
Report-1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
PART 2 - CASE HISTORIES OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 81
1. Tunisia: Bottled Gas for Automobiles.. 83
Richard S. Roberts, Jr.
2. Thailand: Cassava Pelletizing Technology. 95
Ronald P. Black, Wanawan Peyayopanakul,
and Sachee Piyapongse
3. Colombia: The Composite Flour Program ..... 117
James M. Miller
vii
4. Haiti: The Coffee Roads 129
Laurie Nogg Adler
5. Pakistan: Ball-Point Pen Manufacturing--
ACase of Technolo~ Transfer. . . . .. 151
James W. D. Frasche '
6. Java, Indonesia: The Introduction of Rice
Processing Technology. . . . . . . 167
Me1inda L. Cain
7. Central America: The Lorena Cookstove 181
Suellen Sebald Edwards
8. Honduras: An Experimental Lime Kiln. 195
Judith Evans Blum
9. Malaysia: Small-Scale Brick Manufacturing 209
Ronald P. Black, A. Rahim Bidin, Woo
Seng Khee, and Nik Ahmad Kamil
10. Colombia: An Innovative Approach to Rural
Development. . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
James M. Mi11er
11. Brazil: The Role of CRUTAC "in Community
Development 235
James P. Blackledge
12. Western Samoa: The Samoa Methodist Land
Deve1opment Program. . . . . . . . . . . 249
Ruth Lechte
13. Tanzania: Biogas Generator. 263
Richard S. Roberts, Jr.
14. Brazil: Explosive Metalworking Program..... 275
James M. Miller, Jim D. Mote, and Henry E. Otto
15. Ghana: Small-Scale Sugar Processing 291
Gary D. Kilmer and David L. Sussman
16. Thailand: The Introduction of Mint
Agriculture and Processing. . . .. . ... 307
Ronald P. Black and Sachee Piyapongse
17. Central America: Fungal Fermentation of
Coffee Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Suellen Sebald Edwards
viii
18. The Philippines: Fish Preservation Techniques. 343
Me1inda L. Cain
19. Singapore: The Development of a Design
Consulting Engineering Firm. . . . . . . . 359
Ronald P. Black and Chan Beng See
20. Sri Lanka: The Ceylon Institute of Scientific
and Industrial Research. . . . . . . . . 369
Donald D. Evans
21. Papua New Guinea: Micro-Hydroelectric
Projects for Rural Development 397
Ed Arata
22. The Republic of Korea: An Example of
Integrated Regional Development. 411
Donald D. Evans
Analyses of Case Histories 427
Case Histories Matrix. 431
PART 3 - BIBLIOGRAPHY . 433
Literature Search. . 435
Entries . 436
ix
Tables
2.1 Operating Costs of Thai Cassava Pelletizing
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
2.2 Investment Requirement for Native PelletizingC
Factory . · 101
2.3 Sample List of CCMW Products and Concomitant
Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 103
3.1 Composite Flour Formules . 119
3.2 Nutritional Characteristics of One I.I.T. Pasta
Formulation and a Straight Semola Pasta 121
3.3 Nutritional Characteristics of Raw Materials
Used in Colombia for Composite Flours. 121
4.1 Coffee Centers and Roads. . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.1 Number of Sample Farmers Processing Rice with
Hullers, and Numbers of Hullers in Sample
Vi11ages, 1970 and 1973 . . . . . . . . . . · 172
9.1 Uses for 01d Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . 210
9.2 Capital Costs for Brick Factory Similar to
Eng Huat . 217
9.3 Monthly Operating Expenses for Eng Huat .. · 217
11.1 Participation of UFRN Students in CRUTAC (1975) . 242
15.1 Capital Investment and Labor Requirements . · 301
15.2 Income Derived. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 302
16.1 Projected Crude Oil Production and ASRCT
Revenue at Different Price Levels. .. . 313
16.2 Location and Area of Farms Serving Distillation
Plants During the 1976-1977 Season 316
xi