Table Of Content

APPROACHING SECOND CSLI Lecture Notes Number 61 APPROACHING SECOND SECOND POSITION CLITICS AND RELATED PHENOMENA EDITED BY AARON L. HALPERN & ARNOLD M. ZWICKY CSLI Publications Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford, California Copyright ©1996 Center for the Study of Language and Information Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States 00 99 98 97 96 54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-m-Publication Data Approaching second : second position clitics and related phenomena / edited by Aaron L. Halpern & Arnold M. Zwicky. p. cm. - (CSLI lecture notes ; no. 61) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57586-015-5.-ISBN 1-57586-014-7 (pbk.). 1. Grammar, Comparative and general-Clitics. 2. Order (Grammar) 3. Prosodic analysis (Linguistics) I. Halpern, Aaron, 1965- . II. Zwicky, Arnold M. III. Series, P288.A671996 415-dc20 96-2152 CIP CSLI was founded early in 1983 by researchers from Stanford University, SRI Inter- national, and Xerox PARC to further research and development of integrated theo- ries of language, information, and computation CSLI headquarters and CSLI Publi- cations are located on the campus ot Stanford University. CSLI Lecture Notes report new developments in the study of language, information, and computation. In addition to lecture notes, the series includes monographs, working papers, and conference proceedings. Our aim is to make new results, ideas, and approaches available as quickly as possible. Contents Preface vii Introduction ix 1 Clitic Placement in European Portuguese and the Position of Subjects 1 PILAR BARBOSA 2 Phonology and Syntax in the Interpretation of the Tobler-Mussafia Law 41 JOSEP M. FONTANA 3 Wackernagel's Law and Unaccusativity in Hittite 85 ANDREW GARRETT 4 Object Clitics in West Flemish 135 LILIANE HAEGEMAN 5 Deriving Wackernagel's Law: Prosodic and Syntactic Factors Determining Clitic Placement in the Language of the Rigveda 165 MARK HALE 6 Who's on First? Toward a Prosodic Account of P2 Clitics 199 HANS HENRICH HOCK 7 Deflniteness and Second Position Clitics in Straits Salish 271 ELOISE JELINEK 8 The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia) 299 PATRICK MCCONVELL vi / CONTENTS 9 Second Position Clitic Pronouns in Old Spanish and Categorial Grammar 333 CHIYO NISHIDA 10 Cliticization in Old English 375 SUSAN PINTZUK 11 Clitics in Serbian/Croatian: Comp as the Second Position 411 LJILJANA PROGOVAC 12 The Placement of Serbo-Croatian Clitics: A Prosodic Approach 429 VESNA RADANOVIC-KOCIC 13 Now That We're All Here, Where Do We Sit? Phonological Ordering in the Vedic Clause-Initial String 447 STEVEN SCHAUFELE 14 A Prosodic Account of Clitic Position in Ancient Greek 477 ANN TAYLOR 15 A Note on Clitics and Prosody 505 JINDRICH TOMAN 16 The Balkan Slavic Nominal Clitics 511 OLGA MISESKA TOMIC 17 Second Position Clitics in Medieval Romance 537 DIETER WANNER 18 Clitics, Scrambling, and Head Movement in Dutch 579 C JAN-WOUTER ZWART Language Index 613 Name Index 617 Subject Index 621 Preface The papers in this volume are concerned with second position (2P) clitics and other sets of clitics which adopt potentially related distri- butions. Many of the papers were presented July 10 and 11, 1993 at the Workshop on Second Position Clitics at the 1993 LSA Linguistics Institute, Columbus, Ohio. Others were solicited from the authors to add to the range of languages and proposals covered by the volume. The present book brings together a wide range of work on 2P and related clitic systems, covering various languages, issues and theoretical approaches. One thing that excites us about this collection is the fact that while many different approaches to the problems are presented, and different observations are emphasized, the proposals tend to agree on the range/nature of the data to be covered. It is readily possible to compare two proposals, or to consider the ways a certain proposal is affected by additional data. Related empirical issues arise in paper to paper, regardless of the (un)relatedness of the languages in question, or the theoretical approaches. The studies are detailed enough that they should provide a springboard for future research and wide-ranging enough to reveal some of the similarities and differences between languages. Inevitably, there are many important viewpoints which are not represented, but we can no more list everyone who de- serves mention than we can include them here. The editors would like to thank the Department of Linguistics at the Ohio State University for support for the original clitics workshop, and the Ohio State Center for Cognitive Science and the Santa Fe Institute for logistic support in the preparation of the manuscript. The editors also thank Dikran Karagueuzian, Tony Gee, and Emma Pease for their help with the typesetting and publication processes. Aaron L. Halpern was supported during part of the project by a University Postdoctoral fellowship from the Ohio State University, and additional viii / APPROACHING SECOND funding was provided by a University Professor grant from the Ohio State University to Arnold M. Zwicky. Aaron L. Halpern & Arnold M. Zwicky Introduction Although attempts to analyze clitics in terms of a theory of universal grammar were initially largely restricted to the behavior of clitics of the Modern Romance variety, there has been a growing interest in clitics which do not attach to a verbal host but rather to whatever element happens to be in the appropriate position in the phrase. Sec- ond position clitics of course are pronouns, auxiliaries and sometimes other closed-class items which distinctively tend to appear as the second element (word or constituent) in a clause, often, curiously, in languages which are otherwise characterized by great freedom of word order. Other languages are found to have "special clitics" which are not necessarily second in a clause but may a) be banned from being first in a sentence (Old French, Old Italian, Bulgarian, perhaps Lummi, Old Spanish on some accounts); b) immediately follow complementizers in embedded clauses (Middle Dutch, Old English); c) appear (at least sometimes) in second position of a domain smaller than the clause (commonly the noun phrase, as for Ancient Greek indefinite articles and possessive pronouns, or Bulgarian, Macedonian, Zoque, and Scan- dinavian definite articles); or d) be characterized by the possibility of appearing in some other consistent location which may be considerably removed from the finite verb, as in Dutch and West Flemish. Starting perhaps around 1985 there has been a sustained growth of interest in such clitics. The empirical base, the notion that a general theory of clitics might be possible within the theory of universal grammar, and work on the mechanisms of UG all seem to have matured sufficiently to engender a lot of interest in this topic. The papers in this book represent some recent work in this wave of research, covering a broad range of languages and theoretical approaches. The rest of this introduction will seek both to provide a road map to the book in terms of the major issues, both descriptive and theoretical, which link the papers; and to offer a synthesis of some intriguing gen- IX