An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation: Techniques and Applications

503 Pages·2019·23.441 MB·English

by  Philip Willmott

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An Introduction to
Synchrotron Radiation
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An Introduction to
Synchrotron Radiation
Techniques and Applications
Second Edition
PHILIP WILLMOTT
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd
EditionHistory
AnIntroductiontoSynchrotronRadiation:TechniquesandApplicationsFirstedition,Wiley2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Willmott,Philip(PhilR.),author.
Title:Anintroductiontosynchrotronradiation:techniquesandapplications/
PhilipWillmott,SwissLightSource,Villigen,Switzerland.
Description:Secondedition.|Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,
[2019]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018054068(print)|LCCN2018060648(ebook)|ISBN
9781119280378(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119280385(ePub)|
ISBN9781119280392(pbk.)
Subjects:LCSH:Synchrotronradiation.|X-rayoptics.
Classification:LCCQC793.5.E627(ebook)|LCCQC793.5.E627W552019(print)|
DDC539.7/35–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018054068
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImages:ImagecourtesyoftheAuthorusingimagefromtheRCSBPDB(www.rcsb.org)of1PRC(Deisenhofer,J.,Epp,O.,Sinning,I.,
Michel,H.(1995)Crystallinerefinementat2.3angstromsresolutionandrefinedmodelofthephotosyntheticreactioncenterfromrhodopseudomonas
viridisJMolBiol246429–457createdwithQtMG.
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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ToElla,Jo,Nyah,andHanah.
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 APottedHistoryofX-rays 6
1.2 SynchrotronSourcesovertheLastSeventyYears 13
References 17
2 TheInteractionofX-rayswithMatter 19
2.1 Introduction 19
(cid:2) 2.2 TheElectromagneticSpectrum 21 (cid:2)
2.3 ComptonScattering 22
2.4 ThomsonScattering 25
2.5 AtomicScatteringFactors 26
2.5.1 ScatteringfromaCloudofFreeElectrons 26
2.5.2 CorrectionTermsfortheAtomicScatteringFactor 28
2.6 TheRefractiveIndex,Reflection,andPhotoabsorption 32
2.6.1 TheRefractiveIndex 32
2.6.2 RefractionandReflection 33
2.6.3 Photoabsorption 38
2.7 X-rayFluorescenceandAugerEmission 42
2.7.1 X-rayFluorescence 42
2.7.2 AugerEmission 45
2.7.3 FluorescenceorAuger? 45
2.8 ConcludingRemarks 46
Problems 47
References 49
3 SynchrotronPhysics 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Overview 51
3.3 ProductionofLightbyAccelerationofChargedParticles 55
3.4 ForcesActingonaChargedParticlebyElectromagneticRadiation 57
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viii Contents
3.5 RadiationfromRelativisticElectrons 58
3.5.1 SynchrotronRadiation 58
3.5.2 Bremsstrahlung 62
3.5.3 MagneticDeflectionFields 63
3.5.4 RadiatedPowerLossinSynchrotrons 65
3.6 Radio-frequencyPowerSupplyandBunching 66
3.7 Photon-beamProperties 69
3.7.1 FluxandBrilliance 69
3.7.2 Emittance,RadiationEquilibrium,andQuantumExcitation 69
3.7.3 Coherence 73
3.7.4 PolarizationofSynchrotronRadiation 76
3.8 TheMagnetLattice 77
3.8.1 BendingMagnetsandSuperbends 78
3.8.2 BetatronOscillationsandtheDynamicAperture 80
3.8.3 QuadrupoleandSextupoleMagnets 81
3.8.4 OrbitControlandFeedbacks 81
3.8.5 Multiple-bendAchromatsandDLSRs 82
3.9 InsertionDevices 86
3.9.1 Wigglers 88
3.9.2 DampingWigglers 89
3.9.3 Undulators 90
3.9.4 UndulatorsatDLSRs 97
3.9.5 Echo-enabledHarmonicGenerationatDLSRs 99
3.9.6 ControlofPolarizationusingUndulators 100
(cid:2) 3.10 ConcludingRemarks 101 (cid:2)
Problems 103
References 105
4 Free-electronLasers 107
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 XFELArchitecture 110
4.3 TheSASEProcess 112
4.4 PropertiesofXFELBeams 117
4.4.1 TuningthePhotonEnergy 117
4.4.2 SourceFluctuations 117
4.4.3 DegreeofMonochromacity 117
4.5 Seeding 118
4.5.1 High-brillianceSASEusinganArrayofShortUndulatorsandChicanes 119
4.5.2 Self-seedingofHardXFEL-radiationusingDiamondMonochromatization 120
4.6 RadiationDamageandHeatLoads 120
4.6.1 ThermalLoadsonOptics 121
4.6.2 SampleIrradiation 122
4.7 XFELsandTHzRadiation 123
4.8 ConcludingRemarks 124
Problems 124
References 126
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Contents ix
5 Beamlines 129
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 FrontEnd 129
5.2.1 X-rayBeam-positionMonitors 129
5.2.2 PrimaryApertureandFront-endSlits 131
5.2.3 Low-energyFilters 131
5.3 BasicsofX-rayOptics 132
5.3.1 RayOptics 133
5.3.2 SphericalSurfacesandAberrations 134
5.3.3 WaveOptics 137
5.4 PrimaryOptics 142
5.4.1 X-rayMirrors 143
5.4.2 Monochromators 145
5.4.3 HigherHarmonics 155
5.4.4 Double-crystalDeflectors 158
5.5 MicrofocusandNanofocusOptics 159
5.5.1 CompoundRefractiveLenses 160
5.5.2 TaperedGlassCapillaries 162
5.5.3 FresnelZonePlates 163
5.5.4 MultilayerLaueLenses 166
5.6 Beam-intensityMonitors 167
5.7 Detectors 168
5.7.1 SourcesofNoiseinDetectors 168
5.7.2 PhotographicPlates 170
(cid:2) 5.7.3 ScintillatorDetectors 171 (cid:2)
5.7.4 ThePoint-spreadFunction 172
5.7.5 CrystalAnalysers 172
5.7.6 ImagePlates 175
5.7.7 Charge-coupledDevices 175
5.7.8 PixelandMicrostripDetectors 176
5.7.9 ToIntegrateortoCount? 180
5.7.10 Energy-dispersiveDetectors 181
5.8 Time-resolvedExperiments 187
5.8.1 StreakCameras 187
5.8.2 X-rayStreakingatXFELs 188
5.9 ConcludingRemarks 189
Problems 189
References 192
6 ScatteringTechniques 195
6.1 Introduction 195
6.2 DiffractionatSynchrotronSources 197
6.3 DescriptionofCrystals 198
6.3.1 LatticesandBases 198
6.3.2 CrystalPlanes 201
6.3.3 LabellingCrystallographicPlanesandAxes 202
6.4 BasicTenetsofX-rayDiffraction 202
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