Table Of Content

Accelerated C# 2010 ■ ■ ■ Trey Nash Accelerated C# 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Trey Nash All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2537-9 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2538-6 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. President and Publisher: Paul Manning Lead Editor: Jonathan Hassell Technical Reviewer: Damien Foggon Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Duncan Parkes, Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Coordinating Editor: Mary Tobin Copy Editors: Katie Stence and Nancy Sixsmith Compositor: Bob Cooper Indexer: Julie Grady Artist: April Milne Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www.springeronline.com. For information on translations, please e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www.apress.com. 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Contents at a Glance Contents...................................................................................................................vii About the Author.....................................................................................................xxi About the Technical Reviewer................................................................................xxii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii Preface...................................................................................................................xxiv ■Chapter 1: C# Preview.............................................................................................1 ■Chapter 2: C# and the CLR.....................................................................................10 ■Chapter 3: C# Syntax Overview..............................................................................17 ■Chapter 4: Classes, Structs, and Objects...............................................................43 ■ Chapter 5: Interfaces and Contracts...................................................................137 ■Chapter 6: Overloading Operators........................................................................165 ■Chapter 7: Exception Handling and Exception Safety..........................................181 ■Chapter 8: Working with Strings.........................................................................215 ■Chapter 9: Arrays, Collection Types, and Iterators..............................................243 ■Chapter 10: Delegates, Anonymous Functions, and Events.................................279 ■Chapter 11: Generics...........................................................................................307 ■Chapter 12: Threading in C#................................................................................361 ■Chapter 13: In Search of C# Canonical Forms.....................................................429 ■Chaper 14: Extension Methods............................................................................489 ■Chaper 15: Lambda Expressions.........................................................................517 ■Chaper 16: LINQ: Language Integrated Query......................................................543 v ■Chaper 17: Dynamic Types..................................................................................577 Index.......................................................................................................................609 vi ■ CONTENTS Contents Contents at a Glance ..................................................................................................v Contents...................................................................................................................vii About the Author.....................................................................................................xxi About the Technical Reviewer................................................................................xxii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii Preface...................................................................................................................xxiv ■Chapter 1: C# Preview.............................................................................................1 Differences Between C# and C++.....................................................................................1 C#..............................................................................................................................................................1 C++...........................................................................................................................................................2 CLR Garbage Collection.............................................................................................................................3 Example of a C# Program...................................................................................................3 Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0...............................................................................5 Overview of Features Added in C# 3.0...............................................................................6 Overview of New C# 4.0 Features......................................................................................7 Summary............................................................................................................................7 ■Chapter 2: C# and the CLR.....................................................................................10 The JIT Compiler in the CLR.............................................................................................10 Assemblies and the Assembly Loader.............................................................................11 Minimizing the Working Set of the Application.......................................................................................12 Naming Assemblies................................................................................................................................12 Loading Assemblies................................................................................................................................13 Metadata..........................................................................................................................13 vii ■ CONTENTS Cross-Language Compatibility.........................................................................................15 Summary..........................................................................................................................15 ■Chapter 3: C# Syntax Overview..............................................................................17 C# Is a Strongly Typed Language.....................................................................................17 Expressions......................................................................................................................18 Statements and Expressions............................................................................................20 Types and Variables.........................................................................................................21 Value Types.............................................................................................................................................23 Enumerations.....................................................................................................................................24 Flags Enumerations...........................................................................................................................25 Reference Types.....................................................................................................................................26 Default Variable Initialization..................................................................................................................27 Implicitly Typed Local Variables..............................................................................................................28 Type Conversion......................................................................................................................................30 Array Covariance................................................................................................................................31 Boxing Conversion.............................................................................................................................31 as and is Operators.................................................................................................................................32 Generics..................................................................................................................................................34 Namespaces....................................................................................................................35 Defining Namespaces.............................................................................................................................36 Using Namespaces.................................................................................................................................37 Control Flow.....................................................................................................................39 if-else, while, do-while, and for..............................................................................................................39 switch.....................................................................................................................................................39 foreach....................................................................................................................................................40 break, continue, goto, return, and throw................................................................................................41 Summary..........................................................................................................................41 viii ■ CONTENTS ■Chapter 4: Classes, Structs, and Objects...............................................................43 Class Definitions..............................................................................................................45 Fields.......................................................................................................................................................46 Constructors............................................................................................................................................49 Methods..................................................................................................................................................49 Static Methods...................................................................................................................................50 Instance Methods...............................................................................................................................50 Properties................................................................................................................................................51 Declaring Properties..........................................................................................................................51 Accessors...........................................................................................................................................53 Read-Only and Write-Only Properties................................................................................................53 Auto-Implemented Properties............................................................................................................54 Encapsulation..........................................................................................................................................56 Accessibility............................................................................................................................................59 Interfaces................................................................................................................................................61 Inheritance..............................................................................................................................................62 Accessibility of Members...................................................................................................................63 Implicit Conversion and a Taste of Polymorphism.............................................................................63 Member Hiding..................................................................................................................................65 The base Keyword.............................................................................................................................68 sealed Classes........................................................................................................................................69 abstract Classes......................................................................................................................................70 Nested Classes........................................................................................................................................71 Indexers..................................................................................................................................................74 partial Classes.........................................................................................................................................76 partial Methods.......................................................................................................................................77 Static Classes..........................................................................................................................................79 Reserved Member Names.......................................................................................................................81 Reserved Names for Properties.........................................................................................................81 Reserved Names for Indexers............................................................................................................81 Reserved Names for Destructors.......................................................................................................82 ix ■ CONTENTS Reserved Names for Events...............................................................................................................82 Value Type Definitions......................................................................................................82 Constructors............................................................................................................................................82 The Meaning of this................................................................................................................................85 Finalizers.................................................................................................................................................87 Interfaces................................................................................................................................................87 Anonymous Types............................................................................................................88 Object Initializers.............................................................................................................91 Boxing and Unboxing.......................................................................................................94 When Boxing Occurs...............................................................................................................................98 Efficiency and Confusion.......................................................................................................................100 System.Object................................................................................................................101 Equality and What It Means..................................................................................................................103 The IComparable Interface....................................................................................................................103 Creating Objects.............................................................................................................103 The new Keyword.................................................................................................................................103 Using new with Value Types............................................................................................................103 Using new with Class Types............................................................................................................103 Field Initialization..................................................................................................................................104 Static (Class) Constructors....................................................................................................................106 Instance Constructor and Creation Ordering.........................................................................................109 Destroying Objects.........................................................................................................113 Finalizers...............................................................................................................................................113 Deterministic Destruction.....................................................................................................................115 Exception Handling...............................................................................................................................115 Disposable Objects.........................................................................................................116 The IDisposable Interface......................................................................................................................116 The using Keyword...............................................................................................................................118 Method Parameter Types...............................................................................................119 Value Arguments...................................................................................................................................120 x ■ CONTENTS ref Arguments.......................................................................................................................................120 out Parameters.....................................................................................................................................122 param Arrays........................................................................................................................................123 Method Overloading..............................................................................................................................123 Optional Arguments..............................................................................................................................124 Named Arguments................................................................................................................................125 Inheritance and Virtual Methods....................................................................................128 Virtual and Abstract Methods................................................................................................................129 override and new Methods...................................................................................................................129 sealed Methods.....................................................................................................................................131 A Final Few Words on C# Virtual Methods............................................................................................132 Inheritance, Containment, and Delegation.....................................................................132 Choosing Between Interface and Class Inheritance..............................................................................132 Delegation and Composition vs. Inheritance.........................................................................................134 Summary........................................................................................................................136 ■Chapter 5: Interfaces and Contracts....................................................................137 Interfaces Define Types.................................................................................................138 Defining Interfaces.........................................................................................................139 What Can Be in an Interface?................................................................................................................139 Interface Inheritance and Member Hiding............................................................................................140 Implementing Interfaces................................................................................................143 Implicit Interface Implementation.........................................................................................................143 Explicit Interface Implementation.........................................................................................................143 Overriding Interface Implementations in Derived Classes....................................................................145 Beware of Side Effects of Value Types Implementing Interfaces.........................................................150 Interface Member Matching Rules.................................................................................150 Explicit Interface Implementation with Value Types......................................................154 Versioning Considerations.............................................................................................156 Contracts........................................................................................................................157 xi