3D Game Engine Design: A Practical Approach to Real-Time Computer Graphics

1022 Pages·2006·9.64 MB·English

by  David H. Eberly

3D Game Engine Design
A Practical Approach to Real-Time
Computer Graphics
Second Edition
David H. Eberly
Geometric Tools, Inc.
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Trademarks
Thefollowingtrademarks,mentionedinthisbookandtheaccompanyingCD-ROM,
arethepropertyofthefollowingorganizations:
AltiVecisatrademarkofFreescaleSemiconductor.
DirectX, Direct3D, VisualC++, Windows, Xbox, andXbox360aretrademarks
ofMicrosoftCorporation.
GameCubeisatrademarkofNintendo.
GeForce,RivaTNT,andtheCgLanguagearetrademarksofNVIDIACorpora-
tion.
Java3DisatrademarkofSunMicrosystems.
MacintoshisatrademarkofAppleCorporation.
MorrowindandTheElderScrollsaretrademarksofBethesdaSoftworks,LLC.
NetImmerseandGamebryoaretrademarksofEmergentGameTechnologies.
OpenGLisatrademarkofSiliconGraphics,Inc.
PentiumandStreamingSIMDExtensions(SSE)aretrademarksofIntelCorpo-
ration.
PhysXisatrademarkofAgeiaTechnologies,Inc.
Playstation2andPlaystation3aretrademarksofSonyCorporation.
PowerPCisatrademarkofIBM.
PrinceofPersia3DisatrademarkofBrøderbundSoftware,Inc.
3DNow!isatrademarkofAdvancedMicroDevices.
3DStudioMaxisatrademarkofAutodesk,Inc.
v
About the Author
DaveEberly is the president of Geometric Tools, Inc. (www.geometrictools.com), a
company that specializes in software development for computer graphics, image
analysis, and numerical methods. Previously, he was the director of engineering at
NumericalDesignLtd.(NDL),thecompanyresponsibleforthereal-time3Dgame
engine, NetImmerse. He also worked for NDL on Gamebryo, which was the next-
generationengineafterNetImmerse.HisbackgroundincludesaBAdegreeinmath-
ematicsfromBloomsburgUniversity,MSandPhDdegreesinmathematicsfromthe
University of Colorado at Boulder, and MS and PhD degrees in computer science
from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the author of Game
Physics (2004) and 3D Game Engine Architecture (2005) and coauthor with Philip
SchneiderofGeometricToolsforComputerGraphics(2003),allpublishedbyMorgan
Kaufmann.Asamathematician, Davedidresearchinthemathematicsofcombus-
tion, signal and image processing, and length-biased distributions in statistics. He
wasanassociateprofessorattheUniversityofTexasatSanAntoniowithanadjunct
appointmentinradiologyattheU.T.HealthScienceCenteratSanAntonio.In1991,
he gave up his tenured position to retrain in computer science at the University of
North Carolina. After graduating in 1994, he remained for one year as a research
associate professor in computer science with a joint appointment in the Depart-
mentofNeurosurgery,workinginmedicalimageanalysis.HisnextstopwastheSAS
Institute, working for a year on SAS/Insight, a statistical graphics package. Finally,
deciding that computer graphics and geometry were his real calling, Dave went to
workforNDL(whichisnowEmergentGameTechnologies),thentoMagicSoftware,
Inc.,whichlaterbecameGeometricTools,Inc.Dave’sparticipationinthenewsgroup
comp.graphics.algorithmsandhisdesiretomake3Dgraphicstechnologyavailableto
allarewhathasledtothecreationofhiscompany’sWebsiteandhisbooks.
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o 1.1The Evolution ofGraphics Hardware and Games
o 1.2The Evolution ofThisBook and ItsSoftware
o 1.3ASummary of the Chapters
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o 2.1The Foundation
2.1.1 Coordinate Systems
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2.1.2 Handednessand Cross Products
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2.1.3 Pointsand Vectors
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o 2.2Transformations
2.2.1 LinearTransformations
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2.2.2Affine Transformations
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2.2.3 Projective Transformations
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2.2.4 Properties ofPerspective Projection
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2.2.5 Homogeneous Points and Matrices
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o 2.3Cameras
2.3.1ThePerspective Camera Model
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2.3.2 Model orObject Space
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2.3.3World Space
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2.3.4View,Camera, orEye Space
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2.3.5 Clip,Projection, orHomogeneous Space
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2.3.6Window Space
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2.3.7 PuttingThemAll Together
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o 2.4Culling and Clipping
2.4.1 Object Culling
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2.4.2 Back Face Culling
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2.4.3 Clipping to the ViewFrustum
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o 2.5Rasterizing
2.5.1 Line Segments
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2.5.2 Circles
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2.5.3 Ellipses
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2.5.4Triangles
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o 2.6VertexAttributes
2.6.1 Colors
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2.6.2 Lighting andMaterials
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2.6.3Textures
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2.6.4Transparency and Opacity
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2.6.5 Fog
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2.6.6And Many More
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2.6.7 RasterizingAttributes
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o 2.7Issues of Software, Hardware, andAPIs
2.7.1AGeneral Discussion
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2.7.2 Portability versus Performance
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o 2.8APIConventions
2.8.1 Matrix Representation and Storage
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2.8.2 Matrix Composition
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2.8.3View Matrices
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2.8.4 Projection Matrices
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2.8.5Window Handedness
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2.8.6 Rotations
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2.8.7 Fast Computations using the GraphicsAPI
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o 3.1Software Rendering
o 3.2Hardware Rendering
o 3.3The Fixed-Function Pipeline
o 3.4Vertex andPixel Shaders
o 3.5AnAbstract RenderingAPI
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o 4.1Vertex Colors
o 4.2Lighting and Materials
o 4.3Textures
o 4.4Multitextures
o 4.5Bump Maps
o 4.6Gloss Maps
o 4.7Sphere Maps
o 4.8Cube Maps
o 4.9Refraction
o 4.10Planar Reflection
o 4.11Planar Shadows
o 4.12ProjectedTextures
o 4.13ShadowMaps
o 4.14Volumetric Fog
o 4.15Skinning
o 4.16Miscellaneous
4.16.1 Iridescence
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4.16.2Water Effects
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4.16.3Volumetric Textures
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o 5.1The Need forHigh-Level Data Management
o 5.2The Need forLow-Level Data Structures
o 5.3Geometric State
5.3.1Vertices and VertexAttributes
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5.3.2Transformations
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5.3.3 BoundingVolumes
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o 5.4Render State
5.4.1 Global State
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5.4.2 Lights
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5.4.3 Effects
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o 5.5The Update Pass
5.5.1 Geometric State Updates
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5.5.2 Render State Updates
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o 5.6The Culling Pass
5.6.1 Hierarchical Culling
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5.6.2 Sorted Culling
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o 5.7The Drawing Pass
5.7.1 Single-PassDrawing
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5.7.2 Single Effect, MultipassDrawing
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5.7.3 Multiple Effect, Multipass Drawing
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5.7.4 Caching Data on the Graphics Hardware
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5.7.5 Sorting toReduce State Changes
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