0DHAM5 I PODENDORF 101 EXPERIMENTS SCIENCE BASIC PRINCIPLES MADE CLEAR BY SIMPLE DEMONSTRATIONS fgigj. 101 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS lOl SCIENCE By Ilia Podendorf Illustrations by Robert Borja EXPERIMENTS ODHAMS PRESS LTD LONDON Ilia Podendorf is a science teacher who encourages children to work on their own and to investigate and solve problems as scientists do. Doing experiments, like the ones outlined in this book, not only helps children develop better concepts but, incidentally, improves reading skill and the capacity to follow directions intelligently. Thus children become equipped to explore the ever- expanding world of knowledge to which science leads. By doing the experiments in this book, children see or hear or otherwise observe what happens in certain situations. When they learn what happens in a very small part of the universe they acquire knowledge that helps to explain events in a larger universe. Doing these experiments is fun. This is a good reason to do them for children can learn while having fun. But there is a more basic reason. Through experiments children get first-hand knowledge that certain things do indeed take place. The knowledge gained through experimenting, supplemented by other types of learning, enables children to build concepts with which to interpret the world around them. Copyright, 1960, Childrens Press First published in Britain 1961 Reprinted 1962 All rights reserved under international and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published pursuant to agreement with •Cresset & Dunlap Inc., New York, N. Y„ U. S. A. C O N T E N TS EXPERIMENTING . . 10 EXPERIMENTS WITH AIR . . 15 EXPERIMENTS WITH MAGNETS . . 29 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRICITY . . 43 EXPERIMENTS WITH WATER . . 59 EXPERIMENTS WITH HEAT . . 73 EXPERIMENTS WITH SOUND . . 87 EXPERIMENTS WITH LIGHT . . 94 EXPERIMENTS WITH MACHINES . . 107 EXPERIMENTS WITH CHEMISTRY ... 115 EXPERIMENTS WITH PLANTS . . 128 MORE EXPERIMENTS . . 147 INDEX OF EXPERIMENTS . . 156 EXPERIMENT