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188 Pages·2004·1.02 MB·English
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Perceived Control of Time: Time Management and Personal Effectiveness at Work Brigitte J.C. Claessens CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Claessens, Brigitte J.C. Perceived control of time: Time management and personal effectiveness at work/ by Brigitte J.C. Claessens. -Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2004. –proefschrift.– ISBN 90-386-2147-7 NUR 771 Keywords: Time management / Perceived control of time / Job Performance / Personal well- being / Individual differences Printed by Printservice Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Cover design: kimmic, ‘s-Hertogenbosch / Kim Bogaerts © 2004, Brigitte J.C. Claessens, Eindhoven All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing of the author. Perceived Control of Time: Time Management and Personal Effectiveness at Work PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van Rector Magnificus, prof.dr. R.A. van Santen, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 2 november om 16.00 uur door Brigitte Johanna Catharine Claessens geboren te Eindhoven Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr. C.G. Rutte en prof.dr. R.A. Roe Copromotor: dr. W. van Eerde Acknowledgements When I first started work on my PhD I had mixed feelings. On the one hand I knew it would be a very rich experience, giving my knowledge and professional skills greater breadth and depth; on the other hand it was likely to be a project lasting four years, which at the outset seemed like an eternity. Prior to my PhD I had been used to working on projects spanning weeks or months, and here I was at the beginning of something that could take several years to complete. Naturally I wondered whether I would be able to perform a project that would take several years, would I be able to maintain my interest and stay the course? To allay some of these fears I laid out a detailed project plan for my PhD, hoping to get some insight into the component parts and the timing thereof. In my optimistic view, I could get everything completed in three years. When presenting this plan to my promotors, Christel and Rob, and co-promotor, Wendelien, it resulted in considerable amusement on their part, although they had to admit they had rarely seen such detailed planning. Of course, I discovered for myself during the course of my PhD that the best laid plans can always come undone, for many reasons, unforeseen circumstances and work interruptions included. Besides my personal experience, it was interesting to discover during the course of my studies that other people had to deal with the same, or other, time management issues. Moreover, managing time at work was not as easy as it would seem, and many factors, both personal and work-related, appeared to be involved. To study time management and some of its many aspects. I certainly needed the four years of my PhD. I can honestly say that there was never a dull moment, I enjoyed all of it and learned a lot. I owe much gratitude to many people, and would like to express my appreciation for all the help I had along the way. Thanks to my promotors, Christel and Rob, and co-promotor Wendelien for all the support, patience and humor that they provided, which was all needed to complete my project (almost) on time. Thanks to Marcel Croon, Harry Garst, and Ad de Jong for their statistical advice. Thanks to all the organizations that participated and provided input for my studies, and a special thanks for Martin F. Ooms Managementbureau who helped me recruit organizations to take part in my research. I also owe great thanks to my HPM-colleagues, in particular Anniek van Bemmelen, Ad Kleingeld, Miranda Peeters, Floor Beeftink, Erik van der Geer. Many thanks to Josette Gevers, who I shared an office with for the great time we had and the assistance she gave me with many aspects of my work. The support of my colleagues and their ability to help me put things in perspective was invaluable, particularly during setbacks in my project. I will also always remember our conversations in the so-called T-room. Besides providing a welcome break from work, the conversations we had also contributed to a greater knowledge of politics, world news, medical problems, and so on. In this respect, I also want to thank former HPM-colleagues, Heleen van Mierlo, Lisette Kanse, and Harm van Vijfeijken for the great time we had together. Heleen and I share great memorable moments of our attempts to start horse riding, which I still look back on with a big smile. The optimism and love of my family and friends and their belief in my capabilities really helped me and was a wonderful experience. They also helped me with many practical issues such as checking my English, and taking care of my son when I needed more time to work on my project. I owe great thanks to everyone and to some in particular - my parents, Sacha and John, Monique and Ron, Hilde and Jan, Rogier and Marlies, and Mariette and Jasper. Special thanks to Kim Bogaerts for her support, and also for designing the beautiful cover of this dissertation. And last, but certainly not least, I thank my husband, Marco, for all his love and help during the last four years, not least in helping me complete this dissertation. He inspired me when I no longer knew what to do and his never-ending calmness and positive attitude always managed to bring me back to reality when I was carried away by my perseverance or hotheadedness. The last word is for Jens, my little son, who always makes me smile, no matter what, with his sweet and happy face and enchanting (small) talk. He is the greatest gift of all. Brigitte Claessens August, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Research goals 3 Disertation outline 5 Chapter 2 A Review of Time Management Literature 9 Selection of studies 1 Results 12 Definitions of time management 18 Research methods used 19 Time management: the state of afairs 21 Antecedents of time management 2 Efects of time management 24 Gaps in research 26 Conclusion and discusion 28 Chapter 3 Planing Behavior and Perceived Control of Time at Work 37 Planing behavior and perceived control of time 39 Job characteristics and perceived control of time 40 Models and hypotheses 42 Sample and procedure 43 Measures 45 Results 47 Mediation model of planing behavior 49 Extended mediation model of planing behavior 49 Conclusion and discusion 50 Chapter 4 Planing, Prioritizing, and Executing Daily Work Tasks 57 Planing and prioritizing daily work tasks 59 Completion of work plans 60 Job characteristics 62 Individual diferences 62 Study 1: Study design 64 Measures 65 Results 69 Planing and prioritizing tasks 71 Completing planed tasks 72 Individual differences in completing planned tasks: multilevel analysis 73 Conclusion and discusion Study 1 75 Study 2: Sample and procedure 78 Measures 79 Results 79 Planing and prioritizing 79 Workday start-up behaviors 81 Execution behaviors 82 Individual planing- and execution styles 83 Conclusion and discusion Study 2 85 Overall conclusion and discussion 85 Chapter 5 Managing Time at Work: Perceived Control of Time and Occupational Self-Efficacy Mediating between Time Management Behaviors and Job- Related Outcomes 93 Time management behaviors 95 Perceived control of time and ocupational self-eficacy 98 Work-related outcomes 9 Sample and procedure 102 Measures 103 Results 108 Perceived control of time versus ocupational self-eficacy 108 Mediation model 109 Conclusion and discusion 12 Chapter 6 Pacing Styles in Relation to Time Management Behaviors at Work 123 Sample and procedure 129 Measures 129 Results 132 Individual pacing styles 132

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