euksfoKku ,oa thou bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki gekjs thou dh lkekU; leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku esa euksfoKku dk mi;ksx oSQls fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g le> losaQxs] , ekuo rFkk i;kZoj.k osQ chp osQ lacaèk dks le> losaQxs] i;kZoj.kh nckodkjdksa dk lkeuk djus esa i;kZoj.k&mUeq[k O;ogkj fdl çdkj lgk;rk djrs gSa] bldk fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs] lkekftd leL;kvksa osQ dkj.kksa rFkk ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls dj losaQxs rFkk fuèkZurk] vkØkedrk rFkk LokLF; tSlh leL;kvksa osQ laHkkfor mipkjksa osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxsA ifjp; ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk osQ fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k fo'uksbZ leqnk; rFkk fpidks vkanksyu ckWDl ( 8.1) ekuo O;ogkj ij i;kZoj.kh çHkko i;kZoj.k ij ekuo çHkko 'kksj çnw"k.k HkhM+ fo"k;oLrq çkÑfrd foink,¡ i;kZoj.k&mUeq[k O;ogkj dks çksRlkgu euksfoKku rFkk lkekftd ljksdkj izeq[k in fuèkZurk rFkk HksnHkko lkjka'k vkØe.k] fgalk rFkk 'kkafr leh{kkRed ç'u egkRek xakèkh rFkk vfgalk&vfgalk D;ksa dkjxj gksrh gS\ ckWDl ( 8.2) ifj;kstuk fopkj LokLF; oscfyaDl O;ogkj ij Vsyhfo”ku dk lek?kkr 'kSf{kd laosQr 162 euksfoKku fiNy s nk s vè;k;k as e as vkiu s lkekftd O;ogkjk as rFkk legw k as l s lca faèkr oQqN fo"k;k as dk vè;;u fd;kA vc ge oqQN ,sls O;kid lkekftd ljksdkjksa ij foe'kZ djsaxs] tks ijLij lac¼ gSa rFkk ftuesa euksoSKkfud i{k var£ufgr gksrs gSaA bu eqíksa (leL;kvksa) dks O;fDrxr osQ ctk; lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij ifjp; le>uk rFkk mudk lekèkku djuk gksxkA vc ;g Kkr gS fd i;kZoj.k gekjs 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dks çHkkfor dju s oQs vfrfjDr gekjh eukos KS kfud çfØ;kvk as rFkk O;ogkjk as dk s Hkh çHkkfor djrk gAS ekuo Hkh vius O;ogkjksa osQ }kjk i;kZoj.k dks çzHkkfor djrs gaS rFkk buesa ls oqQN çzHkko ncko mRiUu djus okyh i;kZoj.kh n'kkvksa] tSls & 'kksj] çnw"k.k rFkk HkhM+ esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA fiQj Hkh oqQN i;kZoj.kh nckodkjd] tlS &s çkÑfrd foink, ¡ ekuo fu;=a k.k e as ugh a gkrs s gAaS {kfr igpq¡ ku s oky s fofHkUu i;koZ j.kh çHkkok as dk s i;koZ j.k&leFkdZ O;ogkjk as rFkk iow Z e as dh xb Z r;S kjh oQs }kjk de fd;k tk ldrk gAS vki oqQN lkekftd leL;kvksa] tSls & vkØe.k vkSj fgalk] LokLF; rFkk fuèkZurk vkSj HksnHkko osQ dkj.kksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA vki ,d >yd bldh Hkh ik,¡xs fd fuèkZurk rFkk oapu fdl çzdkj O;fDr;ksa dks HksnHkko rFkk lkekftd viotZu ( )ls mRihfM+r dj nsrs gSaA ekuo social exclusion lkeF;Z] lkekftd lkeatL; vkSj ekufld LokLF; osQ fodkl esa fuèkZurk vkSj oapu dk i;kZoj.k nwjxkeh my>usa (tfVyrk,¡) iSnk djrk gSA fuèkZurk dks de djus osQ oqQN mik; Hkh of.kZr fd, x, gaAS blosQ vfrfjDr LokLF; osQ euksoKS kfud i{k rFkk fgalk ,oa nwljs çdkj osQ O;ogkjksa ij Vsyhfo”ku ns[kus osQ lek?kkr dh Hkh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA ;g vè;k; vkidks ;g le>us esa enn djsxk fd euksoSKkfud Kku dk O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksx ,sls igyqvksa] tSls& i;kZoj.k&mUeq[k O;ogkjksa dks c<+kok nus k] fgla k rFkk Hkns Hkko dk s de djuk rFkk ldkjkRed LokLF; lca èa kh vfHko`fÙk;k as oQs mUu;u e as oQSls fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkS'kyksa dks fodflr djsaxs\ yksx bu ç'uksa osQ fofHkUu ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA oqQN {k.k fudky dj bu ç'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus dk ç;kl bu ç'uksa osQ }kjk tks ,d lkekU; fopkj çdV dhft, D;k ,d o`{k vki dk ^lcls vPNk fe=k* gksrk gS] og ;g gS fd ekuo O;ogkj rFkk i;kZoj.k — gks ldrk gS\ D;k vfèkd xeZ ekSle esa ;k vfèkd osQ chp dk lacaèk gekjs thou esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk HkhM+ esa yksx vfèkd vkØked gks tkrs gSa\ ;fn ufn;ksa fuHkkrk gSA vktdy ;g tkx:drk c<+ jgh gS fd dks ifo=k dgk tkrk gS rks O;fDr mUgsa xank D;ksa djrs ,slh i;kZoj.kh leL;k,¡] tSls& 'kksj] ok;q] ty rFkk g\aS fdlh çkoQ`frd foink] tlS &s Hkow Qai ;k luq keh vFkok Hkw&çnw"k.k vkSj owQM+s dks fuiVkus osQ vlarks"ktud mik;ksa fdlh ekuo&fuferZ foink] tlS &s fdlh dkj[kkuk e as fo"kyS h dk 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij {kfrdj çHkko iM+rk gSA ¯drq xSl dk fjlko bR;kfn osQ vfHk?kkrt çHkko dk mipkj ;g rF; de Kkr gS fd mijksDr çzdkjksa dk çznw"k.k oSQls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ nks ,sls cPpksa dh rqyuk ,oa vU; vn`'; i;kZoj.kh dkjd euksoSKkfud LokLF; dhft, tks fHkUu HkkSfrd i;kZoj.kksa esa iydj cM+s gq, rFkk çdk;ks± dks Hkh çzHkkfor djrs gSaA euksfoKku dh gSaμ ,d og ftlosQ i;kZoj.k esa jaxhu f[kykSus] fp=k ,d 'kk[kk ftl s i;koZ j.kh eukfs oKku (environmental ,oa iqLroasQ Hkjh gqbZ Fkha vkSj nwljk og ftlosQ i;kZoj.k dgrs gSa] vusd ,sls euksoSKkfud eqíksa psychology) esa osQoy thou dh ewy vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ dk vè;;u djrk gS ftudk lacaèk O;kid vFkZ esa gh leku FksA D;k nksuksa cPps ,d leku laKkukRed ekuo&i;kZoj.k var%fØ;kvksa ls gksrk gSA vè;k; euksfoKku ,oa thou 163 8 • i;kZoj.k 'kCn] gekjs pkjksa vksj vukSipkfjd lHkk osQ fy, dk;Z djus dh es”kksa vkSj ((cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)) tks oqQN gS mls lanfHkZr djrk gS] 'kkfCnd :i ls oqQflZ;ksa dh O;oLFkk esa izfrfcafcr gksrh gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj HkkSfrd] lkekftd] dk;Z rFkk lkaLo`Qfrd ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk osQ fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k i;kZoj.k esa tks lc oqQN gS og blesa fufgr gSA O;kid :i ls] O;fDr osQ ckgj tks 'kfDr;k¡ gSa] ftuosQ ekuo&i;koZ j.k lca èa k ij vuds nf`"Vdk.s k g aS tk s e[q ;r% bl çfr O;fDr vuqfØ;k djrk gS] os lc blesa fufgr ij fuHkZj gSa fd euq"; bl lacaèk dk izR;{k.k fdl izdkj gSaA bl Hkkx esa HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k gh foospu dk osaQæ¯cnq djrs gSaA LVksdksYl (1990) uked ,d (Stokols) gksxkA ikfjfLFkfrdh ( ) tho rFkk mlosQ euksoSKkfud us rhu mikxeksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks fd (cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31) i;kZoj.k osQ chp osQ lacaèkksa dk vè;;u gSA euksfoKku ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk dk fooj.k izLrqr djrs gSaA esa i;kZoj.k rFkk euq";ksa dh ijLij&fuHkZjrk ij iQksdl (v) vYireoknh ifjçs{; (minimalist pers- gS D;ksafd i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ mu euq";ksa osQ vkèkkj dk ;g vfHkxgz g S fd HkkfSrd i;koZ j.k pective) ij gh fudyrk gS tks mlesa jgrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa ekuo O;ogkj] LokLF; rFkk oQq'ky&{kes (dY;k.k) çko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k ( ) rFkk ij U;wure ;k ux.; çHkko Mkyrk gSA HkkSfrd natural environment fufeZr i;kZoj.k ( ) esa Hksn fd;k i;koZ j.k rFkk eu"q ; dk vfLrRo lekra j ?kVd oQs built environment tk ldrk gSA tSlkfd uke ls gh Li"V gS] ço`Qfr :i esa gksrk gSA dk og va'k ftls ekuo us ugha Nqvk gS] og çko`Qfrd (c) uSfefÙkd ifjçs{; (instrumental pers- i;kZoj.k dgykrk gSA tcfd nwljh vksj] çko`Qfrd çLrkfor djrk gS fd HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k pective) i;kZoj.k esa tks oqQN Hkh ekuo }kjk l£tr gS] og dk vfLrRo gh çeq[kr;k euq"; osQ lq[k ,oa fufeZr i;kZoj.k gSA uxj] edku] nÝrj] dkj[kkuk] iqy] dY;k.k osQ fy, gSA i;kZoj.k osQ mQij euq"; osQ vfèkdka'k çHkko blh uSfefÙkd ifjçs{; dks 'kkW¯ix ekWy] jsy iVjh] lM+osaQ] ck¡èk] ;gk¡ rd fd Ñf=ke :i ls cuk, x, ikoZQ vkSj >hysa Hkh fufeZr çfr¯cfcr djrs gSaA i;kZoj.k osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSa tks ;g çnf'kZr djrs (l) vkè;kfRed ifjç{s ; (spiritual perspective) i;kZoj.k dks ,d lEeku;ksX; vkSj ewY;oku oLrq gaS fd ço`Qfr dh nsu dks euq";ksa us fdl çdkj ifjofrrZ osQ :i esa lanfHkZr djrk gS u fd ,d leqi;ksx dj fn;k gSA djus ;kssX; oLrq osQ :i esaA blesa fufgr ekU;rk fufeZr i;kZoj.k osQ varxZr lkèkkj.kr;k i;kZoj.kh vfHkdYi ( ) dk laçR;; Hkh gS fd euq"; vius rFkk i;kZoj.k osQ eè; environmental design vkrk gSA ^vfHkdYi* esa oqQN euksoSKkfud y{k.k gksrs ijLij&fuHkZj lacaèk dks igpkurs gSa] vFkkZr euq"; dk Hkh rHkh vfLrRo jgsxk vkSj os çlUu jgsaxs gSa] tSls& tc i;kZoj.k dks LoLFk rFkk çko`Qfrd j[kk ekuo efLr"d dh ltZukRedrk] tSlkfd okLrqfonksa] • tk,xkA uxj ;kstukdkjksa vkSj flfoy vfHk;arkvksa osQ dk;ks± esa vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA i;kZoj.k osQ fo"k; esa ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k • çko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k ij ekuo fu;a=k.k osQ vFkZ esa] vkè;kfRed ifjçs{; dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa tSlkfd unh osQ çko`Qfrd cgko dks ck¡èk cuk dj bl ifjçs{; osQ de ls de nks mnkgj.k gSa tks fd fu;fer djus ls çnf'kZr gksrk gSA jktLFkku oQs fo'ukbs Z lenq k; oQs jhfr&fjokt rFkk mÙkjk[kMa fufeZr i;kZoj.k esa lkekftd var%fØ;k osQ çdkj {ks=k osQ fpidks vkanksyu (ckWDl 8-1 ns[ksa) gSaA blosQ • ij çHkkoA ;g fof'k"Vrk] mnkgj.k oQs fy,] dkyW kus h foijhr gesa ,sls mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gSa tcfd yksxksa esa ?kjksa osQ chp dh nwjh esa] ,d ?kj esa d{kksa dh u s i;koZ j.k dk s {kfrxLz r fd;k g S tk s fd ufSefrd ifjç{s ; vofLFkfr esa ;k fdlh nÝrj esa vkSipkfjd rFkk dk fu"ksèkkRed n`"Vkar ;k mnkgj.k gSA 164 euksfoKku ckWDl fo'uksbZ leqnk; rFkk fpidks vkanksyu 8.1 jktLFkku dk ,d NksVk leqnk; fo'uksbZ vius o`{kksa rFkk oU; thoksa dks mruk gh ewY;oku le>rs gSa ftruk viuk thouA vius xq# osQ 29 fu;eks esa ls ,d dk ikyu djrs gq, os euq"; }kjk o`{kksa osQ foUkk'k dks jksdus osQ fy, oqQN Hkh dj ldrs gSa] blesa o`{kksa dks [krjs dh fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa fyiV tkuk Hkh fufgr gS_ vr% o`{k u"V djus okyk fcuk ekuo 'kjhj dks grkgr fd, o`{k ugha dkV ldrkA blh osQ leku fgeky; dh ?kkVh osQ mÙkjk[kaM {ks=k esa o`{kksa dk laj{k.k fpidks vkanksyu (^fpidks* dk vFkZ gh gS isM+ksa ls lV dj mudks xys ls yxk ysuk) osQ }kjk gqvk gSA bl vkanksyu dk mís'; ouksa dk laj{k.k] Hkw&L[kyu(landslide) rFkk Hkw&{kj.k (soil erosion)dks bl {ks=k esa jksduk rFkk ;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dh thfodk dks lacy çnku djuk gSA 1960 osQ n'kd esa tc 'kklu dk ou foHkkx o`{kksa dh vaèkkèkaqèk cM+s iSekus ij dVku dks jksdus esa fcYoqQy vliQy jgk] rc mÙkjk[kaM osQ vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s {ks=k osQ yksxksa us viuh mf}Xurk dks fpidks vkanksyu osQ }kjk çdV fd;k] tks fd 1970 osQ ck<+ dh rckgh osQ ckn ls vkSj Hkh çcy gks x;kA fpidks vkanksyu dh ek¡xksa osQ Kkiu esa Ng fu;e fufgr gaSμ (v) oqQN fo'ks"k o`{k rFkk ouLifr tks ,d fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ fy, mi;qDr gaS] osQoy mUgha dks mxkuk pkfg,] (c) Hkw&L[kyu rFkk Hkw&{kj.k {ks=k esa ouksa dks fpfÉr rFkk mudk uohdj.k djus dh ”k:jr g]S (l) os yksx tks çFkkxr :i ls ouksa osQ fudV jgrs gaS rFkk ouksa ij gh ftudh mÙkjthfork fuHkZj gS] mUgsa ;g vfèkdkj gksuk pkfg, fd os oSlk gh thou ;kiu djrs jgsa] (n) O;kolkf;d ydM+h osQ leqi;ksx gsrq lafonk ;k Bsdk i¼fr dk var fd;k tkuk pkfg,] (èk) xzkeh.kksa osQ mi;ksx osQ o`{k xk¡o osQ fudV gh yxk, tkus pkfg,] rFkk ('k) NksVs ou mRiknksa ij vkèkkfjr xkze oqQVhj m|ksx yxk, tkus pkfg, ftlls LFkkuh; O;fDr;ksa dks jks”kxkj çkIr gks losQ rFkk xk¡oksa ls izolu jksdk tk losQA Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa bl vkanksyu dks i;kZoj.kokfn;ksa us rFkk 'kklu us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA ekuo O;ogkj ij i;kZoj.kh çHkko loa xs k as ij i;koZ j.kh çHkko & i;koZ j.k dk çHkko • gekjh lkoa fsxd çfrfØ;kvk as ij Hkh iMr+ k gAS iÑz fr ekuo&i;kZoj.k lacaèk dk xq.kfoospu djus osQ fy, ;g oQs çR;ds :i dk n'kuZ pkg s og 'kkra unh dk le>uk vko';d g S fd ; s nkus k as ,d&nlw j s dk s çHkkfor djrs çokg gk]s ,d eLq oQqjkrk gvq k iQwy gk]s ;k ,d 'kkra gSa rFkk os ,d&nwljs ij vius vfLrRo rFkk j[k&j[kko osQ iorZ dh pkVs h gk]s eu dk s ,d ,ls h çlUurk ls fy, fuHkZj gSaA tc ge viuk è;ku çko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k osQ Hkj nrs k g S ftldh ryq uk fdlh vU; vuHq ko l s ugha çHkko dks ekuo ij osaQfær djrs gSa rks gesa vusd i;kZoj.kh dh tk ldrhA çkoQ`frd foink,]¡ tlS &s ck<]+ l[w kk] çHkko feyr s g aS ftudk foLrkj HkkfSrd çHkko] tlS &s tyok;q Hk&w L[kyu] Hkow Qai pkg s iF` oh oQs mQij gk s ;k leæq osQ vuqowQy oL=kksa dks cnyuk ls ysdj rhoz euksoSKkfud oQs uhp s gk]s og O;fDr oQs loa xs k as ij bl lhek rd çHkko] tSls&çko`Qfrd foink osQ i'pkr xaHkhj volkn dk çHkko Mky ldr s g aS fd o s xgu volkn vkjS n[q k] gksuk rd gSA oqQN çHkko ftUgsa euksoSKkfudksa us bafxr fd;k rFkk i.w k Z vlgk;rk dh Hkkouk vkjS viu s thou ij gS] os uhps of.kZr gSaA fu;=a k.k oQs vHkko dk vuHq ko djr s gAaS ekuo loa xs kas çR;{k.k ij i;kZoj.kh çHkko & i;kZoj.k osQ oqQN • ij ,ls k çHkko ,d vfHk?kkRkt vuHq ko g S tk s O;fDr;kas i{k ekuo çR;{k.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k oQs thou dk s lnk oQs fy, ifjofrrZ dj nrs k gS oQs fy,] tlS kfd vkiu s d{kk e as iksIkfM+;ksa) Hkh vfHk?kkrt mÙkj ncko fodkj ( post-traumatic esa jgrh gS vFkkZr ,sls ?kjksa esa ftuesa dks.kh; nhokjsa ) oQs :i e s cuk jgrk gAS ugha gSaA os T;kfefrd Hkze (ewyj&yk;j Hkze) esa stress disorder, PTSD de =kqfV çnf'kZr djrs gSa] mu O;fDr;ksa oQh vis{kk O;olk;] thou 'kSyh rFkk vfHko`fÙk;ksa ij • tks uxjksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj ftuosQ edkuksa esa dks.kh; ikfjfLFkfrd çHkko & fdlh {k=sk dk çkoQ`frd i;koZ j.k nhokjsa gksrh gSaA ;g fuèkkfZjr djrk g S fd ml {k=s k oQs fuoklh Ñf"k vè;k; euksfoKku ,oa thou 165 8 • ij (tlS &s enS kuk as e)as ;k vU; O;olk;k]as tlS &s f'kdkj lh-,iQ-lh- ;k Dyksjks&Ýyksjks&dkcZu) mRikfnr djrs gSa] tks rFkk laxzg.k ij (tSls& ouksa] igkM+ksa ;k jsfxLrkuh ok;q dks çznwf"kr djrs gSa rFkk varr% ,sls 'kkjhfjd jksxksa osQ {ks=kksa esa) ;k m|ksxksa ij (tSls& mu {ks=kksa esa tks fy, mÙkjnk;h gks ldrs gSa] tSls& oSaQlj osQ oqQN izdkjA Ñf"k osQ fy, mitkmQ ugha gSa) fuHkZj jgrs gSaA ijarq èkweziku osQ }kjk gekjs vkl&ikl dh ok;q çnwf"kr gksrh gS fdlh fo'k"s k HkkxS kfsyd {k=s k oQs fuokfl;k as oQs O;olk; rFkk IykfLVd ,oa èkkrq ls cuh oLrqvksa dks tykus ls Hkh mudh thou 'kSyh vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k i;koZ j.k ij ?kkjs foinkdkjh çn"w k.k iQSyku s okyk çHkko gkrs k djrs gaSA fdlh jsfxLrku osQ fuoklh osQ nSfud dk;Z gSA o`{kksa osQ dVku ;k fuoZuhdj.k osQ }kjk dkcZu pØ ,oa dh rqyuk] fdlh igkM+h {ks=k osQ fuoklh osQ nSfud ty pØ esa O;oèkku mRiUu gks ldrk gSA blls varr% ml dk;Z osQ lkFk dhft, rFkk eSnkuksa esa jgus okyksa osQ {ks=k fo'ks"k esa o"kkZ osQ la:i ij çHkko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj lkFk Hkh dhft,A ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ,d Ñ"kd Hkw&{kj.k rFkk e#LFkyhdj.k esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gAS os m|ksx lekt dk s viu s lnL;k as oQs lkefwgd ç;klk as ij fuHkjZ tks fuLlkjh dk cfgokZg djrs gSa rFkk bl vlalkfèkr xans gksuk iM+rk gSA blosQ iQyLo:i Ñ"kd lekt osQ ikuh dks ufn;ksa esa çokfgr djrs gSa] bl çnw"k.k osQ Hk;kog lnL;ksa esa lg;ksx'khyrk dh vfHko`fÙk fodflr gks HkkfSrd ('kkjhfjd) rFkk eukos KS kfud ifj.kkek as l s rfud Hkh tkrh g S rFkk o s legw oQs fgrk as dk s O;fDr dh bPNkvkas fpafrr çrhr ugha gksrs gSaA ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ le>rs gSaA os vfèkdrj izo`Qfr bu vuds mnkgj.kk as e as D;k eukos KS kfud lna 's k g\aS lna 's k osQ fudV gksrs gSa vkSj çko`Qfrd ?kVukvksa] tSls & ;g g aS fd ;|fi mi;DZq r vfèkdk'a k çHkko HkkfSrd g aS ¯drq ekulwu ij vfèkd fuHkZj gksrs gq, ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dk eu"q ; u s mUg as çkoQ`frd i;koZ j.k oQs mQij viu s fu;=a k.k rFkk lkeuk djrs gSa tgk¡ çko`Qfrd lalkèku] tSls & ikuh 'kfDr dk s n'kkuZ s oQs fy, gh tfur fd;k gAS bl ckr eas lhfer ek=kk esa miyCèk gksrk gSA blfy, Ñ"kd fojkès kkHkkl g S fd ekuo viu s thou dh x.q koÙkk dk s mUur lekt osQ lnL; vius fo'oklksa osQ çfr vfèkd cuku s oQs fy, gh VDs ukYs kktW h dk mi;kxs dj çkoQ`frd HkkX;oknh gk s tkr s gAaS bloQs foijhr] vk|S kfsxd lekt i;koZ j.k dk s ifjofrrZ dj jgk g S tcfd okLrfodrk ;g gS osQ lnL; eqDr ¯pru dks vfèkd ewY;oku le> fd o s lHa kor% thou dh x.q koÙkk dk s vkjS [kjkc cuk jg s gAaS ldr s g]aS çfr;kfsxRo dh vfHkof`Ùk fodflr dj ldrs 'kksj ] çnw"k.k ] HkhM+ (noise) (pollution) gSa rFkk vius lkFk ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa osQ rFkk çko`Qfrd foink,¡ (crowding) (natural lca èa k e as O;fDrxr fu;=a k.k dk fo'okl fodflr dj ;s lc i;kZoj.kh nckodkjdksa disasters) ysrs gSaA osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ;s (environmental stressors) o s i;koZ j.kh míhid ;k n'kk, ¡ g aS tk s eu"q ;k as oQs ifzr ncko i;kZoj.k ij ekuo çHkko mRiUu djr s gAaS tlS k fd vki vè;k; 3 e as i< + poq Qs euq"; Hkh viuh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, g aS fd ncko ,d vfç; eukos KS kfud fLFkfr g S tk s O;fDr vkSj vU; mís';ksa ls Hkh çko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k osQ mQij viuk e as ruko rFkk n¯q'prk mRiUu djrh gAS vfir]q bu fofHkUu çHkko Mkyrs gSaA fufeZr i;kZoj.k osQ lkjs mnkgj.k i;kZoj.k nckodkjdk as oQs çfr ekuo çfrfØ;k, ¡ fHkUu gk s ldrh gASa osQ mQij ekuo çHkko dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ oQqN {kfrdkjd i;koZ j.kh çHkko uhp s of.krZ gSμa fy,] ekuo us ftls ge ^?kj* dgrs gSa] mldk fuekZ.k çko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k dks ifjofrZr djosQ gh fd;k ftlls fd 'kkjs mUgsa ,d vkJ; fey losQA euq";ksa osQ bl çdkj osQ oqQN dkbs Z Hkh èofu tk s [kh> ;k fpMf+pMk+gV mRiUu dj s vkjS dk; Z i;koZ j.k dk s {kfr Hkh igp¡q k ldr s g aS vkjS vUrr% Lo;a vfç; gk]s ml s 'kkjs dgr s gAaS lkekU; vuHq ko oQs vkèkkj mUgsa Hkh vusdkusd çdkj ls {kfr igq¡pk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ij ;g Kkr g S fd fo'k"s k :i l s nh?kdZ kyhu 'kkjs d"Vçn osQ fy,] euq"; midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tSls& gkrs k g S rFkk O;fDr e as vçhfrdj Hkkon'kk mRiUu djrk jsfçQtjsVj rFkk okrkuqowQyu ;a=k tks jklk;fud æO; (tSls& gAS nh?kdZ ky rd 'kkjs oQs le{k mnH~ kklu l s luq u s dh 166 euksfoKku {kerk e as deh vk ldrh gAS bloQs vfrfjDr 'kkjs oQs gAS ;fn 'kkjs ij fu;=a k.k fd;k tk ldrk gk s ;k fiQj le{k mnH~ kklu l s ekufld fØ;kvk as ij fu"kès kkRed çHkko og O;fDr oQs O;olk; oQs fy, vko';d gk s rks iMr+ k g S D;kfasd bll s ,dkxrz k de gk s tkrh gAS vki bu çHkkok as e as deh vkrh gAS vfir]q vfu;=a k.kh; rFkk e as l s vuds k as u s ;g vuHq ko ml le; fd;k gkxs k tc f[k>ku s oky s 'kkjs oQs le{k fujra j mnH~ kklu oQs dkj.k vki ijh{kk oQs fy, iuk pkfg, e as yxku s rFkk 'kkjs dk s vuluq k dju s e as lgk;rk djrh fd lkekU;r% fdlh Hkh çdkj dk i;koZ j.kh çn"w k.k rfa=kdk gAS ;g Hkh ,d çdkj dk vuoq Qwyu gk s ldrk gAS r=a k dk s çHkkfor dj ldrk g S D;kfasd fo"kyS s æO;@inkFk Z ml tc 'kksj oqQN varjky osQ ckn vkrk gS rFkk mlosQ • lhek rd eukoS KS kfud çfØ;kvk as dk s çHkkfor dj ldr s gAaS lacaèk esa Hkfo";dFku ugha fd;k tk ldrk] rc og çn"w k.k oQs çHkko dk ,d vU; Lo:i çn"w k.k oQs çfr mu fujarj gksus okys 'kksj dh vis{kk vfèkd ckèkkdkjh lkoa fsxd çfrfØ;kvk as e as nf`"Vxr gkrs k g S tk s vLoLFkrk çrhr gksrk gSA mRiUu djrk g]S ftloQs ifj.kkeLo:i dk;&Z oQq'kyrk eas ftl dk;Z dk fu"iknu fd;k tk jgk gS] tc og • deh vkjS dk; Z e as vfHk#fp de gk s tkrh g S rFkk n¯q'prk dk dfBu gkrs k g S ;k ml ij i.w k Z ,dkxrz k dh vko';drk Lrj c< + tkrk gAS çk;% ykxs ,ls s LFkkuk as ij dk; Z djuk vkjS gksrh gS] rc rhoz] Hkfo";dFku u djus ;ksX; rFkk jguk ilna ugh a djr s tgk ¡ oQwMk+ iQSyk jgrk gk s ;k fujra j fu;af=kr u fd;k tk loQus okyk 'kksj fu"iknu Lrj nxq è± k O;kIr gkAs blh çdkj l s ok; q e as èkyw oQs d.kk as ;k vU; dks ?kVkrk gSA fuayfcr d.kk as oQs dkj.k ne ?kVq u s dk vkHkkl rFkk 'okl yus s tc 'kksj dks lgu djuk ;k can dj nsuk O;fDr • e as dfBukb Z gk s ldrh gS] ftll s okLro e as 'olu&r=a k lca faèkr osQ fu;a=k.k esa gksrk gS rc dk;Z fu"iknu esa =kqfV;ksa fodkj Hkh mRiUu gk s ldr s gAaS o s O;fDr tk s bl çdkj dh esa deh vkrh gSA vLoLFkrk dk vuHq ko djr s g]aS viu s dk; Z ij ijw k è;ku ugha loa xs kRed çHkkok as oQs lna Hk Z e]as 'kkjs ;fn ,d fo'k"s k n s ikr s ;k çlUu Hkkon'kk e as ugh a jg ikrAs • Lrj l s vfèkd gk s rk s mloQs dkj.k fpMf+pMk+iu vkrk ok;q çnw"k.k osQ fof'k"V euksoSKkfud çHkko Hkh oqQN g S rFkk bll s uhna e as xMc+ Mh+ Hkh mRiUu gk s ldrh 'kksèkdrkZvksa }kjk crk, x, gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dksydkrk vè;k; euksfoKku ,oa thou 167 8 • osQ ,d {ks=k esa ok;q çnw"k.k osQ çfr] ,d ,slk lewg tks fo"kkDrrk dk nlw jk Ïkrs ?kjk as rFkk m|kxs k as l s fudyus vkS|ksfxd {ks=k osQ fudV jgrk Fkk rFkk ,d nwljk lewg tks okys ,sls vof'k"V inkFkZ ;k owQM+k&djdV gSa tks tSfod vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ls nwj vkoklh; {ks=k esa jgrk Fkk] mudh :i ls {kj.k'khy ugha gksrsA bl çdkj osQ vof'k"V euksoSKkfud çfrfØ;kvksa dh rqyuk dh xbZA tks lewg inkFkks± osQ lkekU; mnkgj.k IykfLVd] Vhu rFkk èkkrq ls vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa jgrk Fkk mlus nwljs lewg] tks vkS|ksfxd cus ik=k gSaA bl çdkj osQ vof'k"V inkFkks± dks u"V {ks=k ls nwj vkoklh; {ks=k esa jgrk Fkk] dh vis{kk vfèkd djus ;k tykus osQ fy, fof'k"V rduhdksa dk mi;ksx ruko rFkk vkSj nq¯'prk dk vuqHko djus dh ckr Lohdkj djuk pkfg, rFkk èkq,¡ dks tulkèkkj.k osQ 'olu fØ;k dhA teZuh esa fd, x, ,d vè;;u esa ,sls çnw"k.kdkjh esa vkus okyh ok;q esa ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A rRo] tlS s & ok; q e as lYiQj MkbvkDW lkbM dh mifLFkfr }kjk lkekU;r%] ,sls i;kZIr çek.k gSa tks ;g çnf'kZr fdlh dk;Z ij è;ku dks osaQfær djus dh ;ksX;rk esa U;wurk djrs gSa fd ok;q] ty rFkk e`nk esa fo"kSys jlk;uksa rFkk fu"iknu&n{krk dk uhps fxjuk ik;k x;kA oQs gkfudkjd çHkko u oQsoy lkekU; eukos KS kfud çdk;k±s [krjukd jklk;fud æO;ksa osQ fjlko osQ dkj.k gksus ij iM+rs gSa cfYd muosQ dkj.k xaHkhj ekufld fodkj okys çnw"k.k }kjk vU; çdkj dh {kfr;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA Hkh mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA vr% blesa fcyoqQy la'k; fnlacj 1984 esa gqbZ Hkksiky xSl =kklnh] ftlesa vusd ugha gS fd çR;sd :i esa çnw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus tkusa xb±] Hkh xSl vius ihNs vusd euksoSKkfud çHkko dh vko';drk gSA NksM+ xbZA vusd ,sls O;fDr ftUgksaus fo"kSyh xSl feFkkby HkhM+ vkblk s lkbuVs (,e-vkb-Zlh-] ) rFkk vU; æO; l?¡w k MIC fy, Fks] muesa Le`fr] vo/ku rFkk tkx:drk lacaèkh ge esa ls vfèkdka'k HkhM+ ls ifjfpr gSa tks fd O;fDr;ksa xM+cfM+;k¡ ikbZ xb±A osQ cM+s vukSipkfjd lewg gksrs gSa vkSj tks vLFkk;h :i ?kj rFkk nÝrj osQ i;kZoj.k (Hkhrjh i;kZoj.k) esa ls fdlh fof'k"V y{; ;k mís'; osQ fcuk gh ,d lkFk Hkh gkfudkjd ok;q çnw"k.k gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ ,df=kr gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc dksbZ çfl¼ fy, rca koQw ihu s oQs èk,q ¡ l s gkus s oky s çn"w k.k ;kuh flxjVs ] O;fDr vpkud lM+d ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks os yksx flxkj ;k chM+h ihus ls gksus okys çnw"k.k osQ dkj.k tks ml fLFkfr esa ogk¡ ij mifLFkr gksrs gSa] çk;% osQoy Hkh euksoSKkfud çHkko gks ldrs gSaA ,sls çHkko flxjsV ml O;fDr dks ns[kus osQ fy, gh ,df=kr gks tkrs gSA ihus okys O;fDr osQ fy, vfèkd gksrs gSa] rFkkfi tks ¯dr q HkhM + dk fHkUu vFkZ gSA bldk lanHkZ (crowding) bl rackowQ osQ èkqvk¡ esa 'okl ysrk g S (fuf"Ø; èkwez iku)] ml vlqLFkrk dh Hkkouk ls gS ftldk dkj.k ;g gS og Hkh fu"ksèkkRed çHkkoksa dks Hkqxrrk gSA ,d 'kksèkdrkZ fd gekjs vkl&ikl cgqr vfèkd O;fDr ;k oLrq,¡ gksrh u s ik;k fd rca koQw dk èkvq k ¡ 'okl oQs lkFk Hkhrj [khpa uk gSa ftlls gesa HkkSfrd caèku dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS rFkk O;fDr esa vkØkedrk osQ Lrj dks c<+k ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh o;S fDrd Lora=krk esa U;wurk dk vuqHko gksrk çnw"k.kdkjh æO;ksa dh ty rFkk e`nk (Hkwfe) esa gSA ,d fof'k"V {ks=k ;k fno~Q esa cM+h la[;k esa O;fDr;ksa mifLFkfr 'kkjhfjd LokLF; osQ fy, [krjukd gSA buesa dh mifLFkfr osQ çfr O;fDr dh çfrfØ;k gh HkhM+ l s oQqN jlk;uk as dk [krjukd eukos KS kfud çHkko Hkh gkrs k dgykrh gSA tc ;g la[;k ,d fuf'pr Lrj ls vfèkd gSA oqQN fof'k"V jlk;uksa] tSls & lhlk dh mifLFkfr gks tkrh gS rc blosQ dkj.k og O;fDr tks bl fLFkfr efLr"d osQ fodkl dks çHkkfor dj ekufld eanu dk esa i¡Ql x;k gS ncko dk vuqHko djrk gSA bl vFkZ dkj.k cu ldrh gSA bl çdkj osQ fo"kSys æO; ekuo esa HkhM+ Hkh ,d i;kZoj.kh nckodkjd dk mnkgj.k gSA dks fofHkUu ekxks± ls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa] tSls & ikuh HkhM+ osQ vuqHko osQ fuEufyf[kr y{k.k gksrs gSaμ }kjk ;k e`nk osQ }kjk mu lkx&lfCt;ksa esa lks[k fy, vlqLFkrk dh Hkkouk] • tkrs gSa tks çnwf"kr Hkwfe ij mxkbZ tkrh gSaA oS;fDrd Lora=krk esa U;wurk ;k deh] • 168 euksfoKku O;fDr dk vius vkl&ikl osQ ifjos'k osQ lacaèk HkhM + oQs nckoi.w k Z çHkko rHkh i.w krZ % le> s tk ldrs • esa fu"ksèkkRed n`f"Vdks.k rFkk gSa tc ge mlosQ ifj.kkeksa dk voyksdu djsaA HkhM+ lkekftd vra %fØ;k ij fu;=a k.k oQs vHkko dh HkkoukA ,o a vfèkd ?kuRo ij tk s vuds vè;;u Hkkjr rFkk vU; • ns'kksa esa fd, x, gSa muosQ çHkkoksa osQ o.kZu dk lkjka'k gekjs ns'k esa vusd euksoSKkfudksa us HkhM+ osQ uhps fn;k tk jgk gS& euksoKS kfud ifj.kkeksa dk O;ofLFkr vè;;u db Z Hkkjrh; HkhM + rFkk vfèkd ?kuRo oQs ifj.kkeLo:i vilkekU; uxjksa] tSls& bykgkckn] vgenkckn] iq.ks] okjk.klh rFkk • O;ogkj rFkk vkØkedrk mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA vusd t;iqj ,oa jktLFkku osQ oqQN xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fd;k o"kk ±s iow Z pgw k as ij fd, x, ,d 'kkès k e as ;g ifjyf{kr gAS HkhM + oQs Åij bue as l s oQqN 'kkès k vUo"s k.k eukos KS kfud gqvk FkkA bu çkf.k;ksa dks ,d ckMs+ esa j[kk x;k] ç;ksx'kkykvksa esa fd, x, gSa ¯drq muls vfèkd vè;;u çkjaHk esa ;g de la[;k esa FksA bl can LFkku esa lkekU; thou esa lkeus vkus okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa] tSls& tlS &s tlS s mudh tul[a ;k ck mi;kxs dj jgs g S fd mlh HkkfSrd LFkku e as cMh+ l[a ;k e as vuds g aS rk s lcdk s gh ij's kkuh dk vuHq ko gkrs k gAS ykxs k as dh mifLFkfr dkbs Z Hkh ncko mRiUu u djAs vè;k; euksfoKku ,oa thou 169 8 • cfYd] blosQ iQyLo:i ldkjkRed lkoa fsxd çfrfØ;k,¡ mnkgj.k osQ fy, ftu laLÑfr;ksa esa tks O;fDr gk s ldrh gAaS bloQs lkFk gh] HkhM + Hkh lkekftd ls vfèkd lewg ;k lef"V osQ egÙo dks js[kkafdr vra %fØ;k dh çoQ`fr dk s çHkkfor djrh gAS djrh g]aS mue as O;fDr oQs ifjo's k e as vfèkd O;fDr;kas O;fDr HkhM + oQs çfr tk s fu"kès kkRed çHkko çnf'krZ djrs dh mifLFkfr dks vokaNuh; fLFkfr ugha ekuk tkrk • g]aS mldh ek=kk e as O;fDrxr fHkUurk, ¡ gkrs h g aS rFkk gSA nwljh vksj] os laLÑfr;k¡ tks O;fDr dks lewg mudh çfrfØ;kvk as dh çÑfr e as Hkh Hkns gkrs k gAS bu ;k lef"V ls vfèkd egÙo nsrh gSa] muesa O;fDr O;fDrxr fHkUurkvk as dk s le>ku s oQs fy, nk s çdkj dh osQ ifjos'k esa vusd O;fDr;ksa dh mifLFkfr mlosQ lfg".krq k dk mYy[s k fd;k tk ldrk g S vFkkrZ HkhM+ fy, vlqfoèkktud gksrh gSA ijarq] lexz :i ls] lfg".krq k rFkk çfrLièkkZ pkgs laLÑfr esa lewg dks O;fDr ls vfèkd egÙo (crowding tolerance) lfg".krq k A fn;k tkrk gks ;k blosQ Bhd foijhr] ;g rks Li"V (competition tolerance) HkhM + lfg".krq k] vfèkd ?kuRo ;k HkhM + oky s i;koZ j.k gS fd lHkh laLÑfr;ksa esa HkhM+ dks nckoiw.kZ gh oQs lkFk ekufld :i l s l;a kts u dju s dh ;kXs ;rk vuqHko fd;k tkrk gSA dk s lna £Hkr djrh g]S tlS μs ?kj oQs Hkhrj HkhM + (,d • O;fDrxr LFkku (personal space) ;k og lfqoèkktud HkkfSrd LFkku ftl s O;fDr viu s vkl&ikl NkVs s dej s e as cMh+ l[a ;k e as ykxs )A tk s ykxs ,ls s cuk, j[kuk pkgrk gS] vfèkd ?kuRo okys i;kZoj.k i;koZ j.k oQs vknh gkrs s g aS ftle as vuds O;fDr muoQs l s çHkkfor gkrs k gAS HkhM + e as O;fDrxr LFkku çfrcfaèkr pkjk as vkjs jgr s gh g aS (mnkgj.k oQs fy, o s O;fDr gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh HkhM+ osQ çfr fu"ksèkkRed tk s ,d cM s+ ifjokj e as iydj cM s+ gk s jg s g aS rFkk çfrfØ;kvksa dk dkj.k gks ldrk gAS ifjokj ,d NkVs s edku e as jgrk g)S ] o s mu ykxs kas dh vi{s kk ftUg as viu s vkl&ikl oQsoy oQqN gh ge as vuds ,ls s mnkgj.k çkIr gkrs s g aS ftue as ykxs HkkfSrd O;fDr;k as oQs jgu s dh vknr gkrs h g]S HkhM + lfg".krq k i;koZ j.k oQs çfr O;fDrxr LFkku oQs lna Hk Z e as çfrfØ;k vfèkd fodflr dj yrs s gAaS gekj s n's k dh tul[a ;k djr s gAaS lkekftd fLFkfr;k as e as eu"q ; ftu O;fDr;k as oQs fo'kky g S rFkk vuds O;fDr cM s+ ifjokjk as e as ijra q lkFk vra %fØ;k dj jgk gkrs k g S muoQs lkFk ,d fo'k"s k NkVs s edkuk as e as jgr s gAaS bloQs dkj.k ;g çR;k'kk gkrs h HkkSfrd ('kkjhfjd) nwjh cuk, j[kuk pkgrk gSA bls g S fd lkekU;r% Hkkjrh;k as e as HkhM + lfg".krq k de tul[a ;k vra o;ZS fDrd HkkfSrd njw h (interpersonal physical oky s n's kk as oQs okfl;k as dh vi{s kk vfèkd gkxs hA dgr s gAaS ;g ,d vfèkd O;kid O;fDrxr distance), çfrLièkk Z lfg".krq k] og ;kXs ;rk g S ftloQs }kjk LFkku oQs lça R;; dk Hkkx g S vFkkrZ og HkkfSrd LFkku dkbs Z O;fDr ml fLFkfr dk s Hkh lg yrs k g S ftleas ftl s ge viu s vkl&ikl cuk, j[kuk pkgr s ga_S tlS kfd ml s eyw lla kèkuk as ;gk ¡ rd fd HkkfSrd LFkku oQs fy, igy s o.kuZ fd;k tk pdq k g]S HkhM + oQs çfr fu"kès kkRed Hkh vuds O;fDr;k as oQs lkFk çfrLièkk Z (çfr;kfsxrk) çfrfØ;k dk ,d dkj.k O;fDrxr LFkku e as deh gAS ykxs k]as djuh iM+rh gSA pw¡fd HkhM+ dh fLFkfr esa lalkèkuksa fLFkfr;k]as ifjo's kk as rFkk lLa Ñfr;k as e as O;fDrxr LFkku e as fHkUurk,¡ oQs fy, vfèkd çfrLièkk Z dh lHa kkouk gkrs h g S blfy, ikb Z tkrh gAaS oQqN vklS r nfwj;k ¡ fof'k"V lLa Ñfr;k as eas ml fLFkfr osQ çfr çfrfØ;k Hkh lalkèkuksa osQ fy, çfs{kr dh xb Z gAaS fLFkfr ij fuHkjZ rk oQs vkèkkj ij pkj çfrLièkkZ lfg".kqrk ls çHkkfor gksxhA çdkj oQh vra o;ZS fDrd HkkfSrd nfwj;k as dk s ,MoM Z gkyW • lkLa oQ`frd fo'k"s krk,¡ ;g fuèkkfZjr dj ldrh g aS fd (Edward Hall) uked ekuofoKkuh u s crk;k g&S ,d fof'k"V i;koZ j.k vkRefu"B (O;fDrijd) :i varjax nwjh bap rd ;g og nwjh gS tks • (18 ) - e as fdl lhek rd vfèkd HkhM + ;k de HkhM + okyk vki rc cukdj j[krs gSa tc vki fdlh ls futh fu.khrZ gkxs kA o s HkhM + oQs çfr fu"kès kkRed çfrfØ;kvkas ckrphr djrs gSa ;k fdlh ?kfu"B fe=k ;k lacaèkh dh çoQ`fr rFkk ek=kk dk s Hkh çHkkfor dj ldrh gAS osQ lkFk var%fØ;k djrs gSaA 170 euksfoKku O;fDrxr nwjh bap ls iqQV & ;g og nwjh e as gkrs k gAS tc vki fo|ky; osQ iLq rdky; e as tkrs • (18 4 ) gS tks vki rc cukdj j[krs gSa tc vki fdlh g aS vkjS ;fn vkidk fe=k ftl e”s k ij cBS k g S mloQs ?kfu"B fe=k ;k laca/h osQ lkFk ,oSQd var%fØ;k fudV dk LFkku [kkyh g S rk s vki mloQs fudV oQs LFkku djrs gSa ;k fiQj dk;Z LFkku vFkok nwljs lkekftd ij gh cBS r s gAaS ¯dr q ;fn ml e”s k ij dkbs Z vifjfpr fLFkfr esa fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls vosQys esa ckr djrs O;fDr cBS k g S vkjS mloQs fudV LFkku [kkyh g S rk s bl gSa tks vki dk cgqr varjax ugha gSA ckr dh lHa kkouk de g S fd vki ml O;fDr oQs fudV lkekftd nwjh bap ls iqQV & ;g og nwjh oQs LFkku ij cBS xas As rhljk] ge as oQqN lhek rd ;g Kkr • (4 10 ) g S tk s vki mu vra %fØ;kvk as e as cukr s g aS tk s vkiS pkfjd gkrs k g S fd HkkfSrd LFkku dk s fdl çdkj ifjofrrZ fd;k gksrs gSa] varjax ughaA tk ldrk g S ftll s fd lkekftd fLFkfr;k as e as ncko vFkok • lkoZtfud nwjh (10 iQhV ls vuar rd)& ;g og vlfqoèkk e as deh dh tk loQs vFkok lkekftd vra %fØ;k nwjh gS tks vki vkSipkfjd fLFkfr esa] tgk¡ cM+h dk s vfèkd vkuna nk;d rFkk mi;kxs h cuk;k tk loQsA l[a ;k e as ykxs mifLFkr gk as cukdj j[kr s gAaS mnkgj.k ;gk ¡ oQqN ljy mnkgj.k fn, tk jg s gAaS eku yhft, osQ fy, fdlh lkoZtfud oDrk ls Jksrkvksa dh ;k fd vkiosQ fo|ky; osQ deZpkfj;ksa dks fu.kZ; djuk gS d{kk esa vè;kid dh nwjh gksrh gSA fd oqQflZ;ksa dks oSQls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk, tc fd d ( ) fo|ky; e as dkbs Z lkekftd volj] tlS s & dkbs Z lkLa Ñfrd ;gk¡ ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;s nwfj;k¡ LosPNk dk;ØZ e g]S [k vfHkHkkodksa rFkk vè;kidksa osQ chp l s cukdj j[kh tkrh g aS rFkk ; s vra %fØ;k e as fyIr O;fDr;kas ( ) cSBd gS rFkk x fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj vè;kidksa dks lacksfèkr dh lqfoèkk dks è;ku esa j[kdj cukbZ tkrh gSaA rFkkfi] ( ) tc LFkku dh deh gksrh gS rks O;fDr ijLij vis{kkÑr djus osQ fy, dksbZ vfrfFk oDrk vk jgs gSaA D;k rhuksa NksVh HkkSfrd nwfj;ksa dks cykr~ gh (ckè; gksdj) viukrs ifjfLFkfr;k as e as oQqfl;Z k as dh O;oLFkk ,d tlS h gkus h pkfg,\ gSa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, fyÝV esa ;k jsyxkM+h osQ fMCcs ;fn vki fØ;kdyki 8.1 dk lapkyu djsaxs rks vkidks esa tgk¡ cgqr vfèkd O;fDr gksrs gSa)A ,sls tdM+s gq, vkSj Hkh ;g Kkr gks losQxk fd HkhM+ jfgr fLFkfr;ksa LFkkuksa esa O;fDr dks HkhM+ dh vuqHkwfr gksus dh çcy e as O;fDr fdl çdkj dh cBS u s dh O;oLFkkvk as dk s puq rs gAaS laHkkouk gksrh gS] ;|fi oLrqfu"B :i esa O;fDr;ksa dh çkÑfrd foink,¡ la[;k cgqr vfèkd ugha gSA la{ksi esa] O;fDr HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k osQ ,d va'k osQ :i esa miyCèk LFkku osQ 'kksj] vusd çdkj osQ çnw"k.k rFkk HkhM+ ,sls i;kZoj.kh çfr O;ogkj djr s gAaS tc vkokxeu dh Lor=akrk] o;S fDrd nckodkjd gSa tks ekuo O;ogkj osQ ifj.kke gSaA buosQ Lora=krk dk cks/ rFkk O;fDrxr LFkku dh vko';drk foijhr] çkÑfrd foink,¡ ,sls nckoiw.kZ vuqHko gSa tks lkekU; :i ls cus ugha jg ikrs gSa] rc O;fDr dks fd çÑfr osQ çdksi osQ ifj.kke gSa vFkkZr tks çkÑfrd ncko dk vuqHko gksrk gS rFkk og fu"ksèkkRed çfrfØ;k i;kZoj.k esa vLrO;Lrrk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu gksrs nsrk gS&og [kjkc Hkkon'kk esa jgrk gS ;k vkØkedrk gAaS çkÑfrd foinkvk as oQs lkekU; mnkgj.k Hkdw ia ] luq keh] çnf'kZr djrk gS rFkk ftruh 'kh?kzrk ls laHko gks ml ck<+] rwI+kQku rFkk Tokykeq[kh; mn~xkj gSaA vU; foinkvksa fLFkfr ls ckgj fudyus dk ç;kl djrk gSA oQs Hkh mnkgj.k feyr s g]aS tlS s & ;¼q ] vk|S kfsxd n?q kVZ uk,¡ O;fDrxr LFkku dk lça R;; fuEufyf[kr dkj.kk as ls (tlS μs vk|S kfsxd dkj[kkuk as e as fo"kyS h xlS vFkok jfsM;k&s egRoi.w k Z gAS igyk] ;g HkhM + oQs fu"kès kkRed çHkkok as dks lfØ; rRoksa dk fjlko) vFkok egkekjh (mnkgj.k osQ ,d i;koZ j.kh nckodkjd oQs :i e as le>krk gAS nlw jk] fy,] Iysx ftlus esa gekjs ns'k osQ vusd {ks=kksa 1994 ;g ge as lkekftd lca èa kk as oQs ckj s e as crkrk gAS mnkgj.k esa rckgh epkbZ Fkh)A ¯drq] ;q¼ rFkk egkekjh ekuo oQs fy,] nk s O;fDr ;fn ,d&nlw j s oQs dkI+kQh fudV [kMs+ }kjk jfpr ?kVuk,¡ gSa] ;|fi muosQ çHkko Hkh mrus gh ;k cBS s gk as rk s mudk çR;{k.k fe=k ;k lca èa kh oQs :i xaHkhj gks ldrs gSa tSls fd çkÑfrd foinkvksa osQA bu vè;k; euksfoKku ,oa thou 171 8 •

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