o lYr^l lYr; •V § i O-n <-* ii_ •6'Aav;j3iHVv^ 'omii'uii ûmmo/:. \\\El'NIVfR5/A. vKlOSANCflt o '^^/smmn^ âOJIlVDJO'^ ^;lOSANCElfx^ "^Âavaan-^ " ÔFCAllFO% ÔFCAIIFOI?^ > V# _l^ O ^/iwaAiNnjttV "^ciAavaani^ ^<7AHV}ian# ^lllBRARYQr AÎUBRARYO/^. AWfDNIVERS/4 ^lOSANCElfj^^ <^1:2^1 irrti % ^ '^/jaaAiNnaftv^ ÔFCAllFOff/^ .^MEUNIVERS/A ^lOSAMCFl£r^ Pi o^ V 5 i ir^ ^ <$ (5 'ER^/A ^VOSANCElfx^ ^.OFCAIIFO/J'^ ÔFCAUFOff^ ^ 5 CS>OO âaAiNfljwv^ ÔAavaani^ ^,^^l•llBRARYQr^ .\WUNIVERS/A vvVOSANCflfT. i IJlo i lo i PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS BY BERTRAND RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S. LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NKW YORK, HOMliAY, AND CALCUTTA 1910 All rights reserved rr PREFACE THE following essays, with the exception of the last, are reprints, with somealterations, ofarticles which have appeared in various periodicals. The first three essays are concerned with ethical subjects, while the last four are concerned with the nature of truth. I include among the ethical essays the one on "The Study of Mathematics," because this essay is concerned rather with the value of mathematics than with an attempt to state what mathematics is. Of the four essays which are concerned with Truth, two deal with Pragmatism, whose chief novelty is a new definition of 'truth.' One deals with the conception of truth advocated by those philosophers who are more or less affiliated to Hegel, while the last endeavours to set forth briefly, without technicalities, the view of truth which commends itself to the author. All the essays, with the possible exception of the one on "The Monistic Theory of Truth," are designed to appeal to those who take an interest in philosophical questions without having had a professional training in philosophy. I have to thank the editor of T/ie New Quarterly for permission to reprint "The Study of Mathematics" and Sections I, II, HI, V and VI of the essay on " The Lacj.o(> PREFACE vi Elements of Ethics," and for Section IV I have to thank the editor of the Hibbert Journal. My acknow- ledgments are also due to the editors of TheIndependent RcvicWy The Edinburgh Reviezv, The Albany Review^ and the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society for ^ permission to reprint the essays II, IV, V and VI respectively. In the sixth essay as originally printed, there was a third section, which is now replaced by the seventh essay. Oxford July 910 1 — Postscript. The death of William James, which occurred when the printing of this book was already far advanced, makes me wish to express, what in the course of controversial writings does not adequately appear, the profound respect and personal esteem which I felt for him, as did all who knew him, and my deep sense of the public and private loss occasioned by his death. For readers trained in philosophy, no such assurance was required but for those unaccus- ; tomed to the tone of a subject in which agreement is necessarily rarer than esteem, it seemed desirable to record what to others would be a matter of course. October 1910 CONTENTS PACK The Elements of Ethics I. . . . i II. The Free Man's Worship . • • 59 III. The Study of Mathematics .... .. 71 IV. Pragmatism . . 87 V. William James's Conception of Truth 127 VI. The Monistic Theory of Truth. . . 150 VII. On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood 170 .

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