I ':>2b .U86 :U RGES PAGEANlS f FOR CENUNNIAll- ,·\. ._ ___, '· . . . . . ~ I ·rnectaci,Jlar 01-, c·bra1 ion of a, h11ndrecl year~ oL thci, states history ¥\·ill be. f1Pf'tir1g anrt_ wil1 pas:.:; away with the .ill'bilee exe.rq}ses of_ ~he year, yet its infl110nc·fl _may be alndmg for ~·ear:s to ,,come 'I'h1s aspe.'t of thi~ 1:, .· ·e(c'alr~eb raan.tdi oant teisn, tioof. n immap~or rwtai nseeely, b&en dd evmomte dll · to tt. · i \ WOUL..O ,BtiGET P.A:TRIOTlSM.I~• . ''It mao· be made an expression of I IlN:~Dn-Lt:Ai:. .NoAr . A..'t nohlf' d~yoiion to tlw state, of. a wortl1y l ED""-"·I,'$.SION mpuabyli cb ts>pgiert't . i131b \dt l1a0. firniefi inpga trigoetn.iesrma tiw?thi icha · · ~ 0-"' ;,·' B'· 16 i deeper love fo~· lndfana an<'!, a Tryore 111tel- · .S \ / \J j1 ligent appreciation of her acll'!-everne1~t:", I ·~ • {; / 1 whilo to the generation tha1; is· passing V\ gfriovmen tmheu csht ajgo0~".° oanf da cstia.0 t1is1f atch;teioren mina ~·1 1ahve- 'V\'\~ ~.-..<\ \' lI , · · ~\) l \ id11J·'ge) dAb this can. pe done by tqric.al SUJ;yey, 'lli !;>"1·ar1rt ~n0,'.tP <'l\1"11· r:ir.Q"'9'!'J:~1~n . ~1).1:0.1~~1. i;~ IHd'iana: Unive-r~;i t y. ·.ine ;:;'l:I.~ '!''<-"';,; -;;;h~'V,lJ?resentat.Jon, b! 1 of Tndiana history, with a citatwn as to I rneans o~ noats_.01· a scnes. of tableaux./ where the worl' may l>e found .. 'Tins or __ he. p1onc:0_r _ 11fe, . Hie -period of ~ettle- I ·onld be ·supplied to every Hbrar_y m _the m~ntt. , slavery and the w"ar, later mdus.-1 state so that. any citizen who wishes to trrn_J Hlh} material OeyelO!)nl(>llt and. l-1,. I kllOW may eastly learn what bo<9lrn a!ld ~cne~. of tableaux fiettmg· forth the llfe soiirces are available in print on tl1e h_1s~ nf the state in li.t"i1·atur!.'J. art. scicnte .. tory of th.e state. There shourn be or eduL·ation annrde.d ituho NdioCu'lb1to.l smone. n Boof otthbe· 'sl'taarkn1?nm,gg·-- peala caei) dt hbeem mwahdeer em tohs.et ye acsaiplv b eav -asialfaebgluea rfQdl-' I 1011, Cha~les _.\h1jor avcl Geo:rge ~-\,hro.Orn yvl'itings call~c;l. hist.o_ries of l Indrana. Such publwat1ons will add~ "Bnl. what we do for Tndi~n;-.1 hi~t.ory uothi.ng· to our re.al kn6wledge of the. }1is ~ho11lt1 1rn1. ]1E1s~ wilh the dajr or the year tory of tbe state. 'Their prime purpose of th~ l'elP-brntion. The ccnl:erp1ial shot1ld will be to ma,ke mo11ey for their publish~! nroducc a more abiding r0s11Jt. 11. rnust e:rs and authors. 'ro counteract i;mch l"'R" c> Lin riclwr in historical "tPrials. in misinformed and misinfo1·ming worl\. it , the :SOlir!"f'S from which tlH" on· of 1hc seems eminently desirable thal lhe state. :-:;tatP. ma'.'' be written 1 a reditable sllould irndertalw the public~tion of a :ar;counts of that· hl::itr 00casion series of hLstorical ·colledions comparable :•hould lt-ad the st:;itr f•)I' the to hose· of Massachuse.tts, New York. 1;1rcservatio11 ·Y th.e pr-ov·tio1i-onfl f.o ·. ds..: ·a Lions tlrnt an~ to r·ome.'' HISTORY OF INDIANA. '·· HISTORY OF INDIANA. J.P. DUNN. -from the Ohio to the Wabash-were covered with a heavy forest, with but a few small prairies in the northern and western parts. It is ·evident thaf the Indiana of to-day is a more before that time, when Indiana was men development since that date. Before 1800 lies tioned in this country, the reference was to a a long period of itjteresting and romantic his tract of land lying in what is now West Vir tory, but it is not the history of the development ginia, and forming in part the county of In of a people into a great commonwealth. It is diana in that state. This tract was a famous the record of th~ progress of hardy explorers Indian land grant, which was the subject of into an unknown la4d, of the transactions of much discussion in the old continental con traders with the native~, of the establishment gress, and a bone of contention. in the politics of military posts to maintain the claims of Eu- of those days, though now it is chiefly of inter . ropean kings, of wars that were the echoes of est as having suggested the name for this state. quarrels across the ocean and were of more im In 1800 it was Indiana territory, of course, and portance here in tij~ir ultimate results than in that year forms a convenient dividing line be bloodshed. \i\Then 'more than a century of all tween the great epochs of the past and the t~is had passed, and the year 1800 was present of the state. At that time Indiana wa·s reached, Indiana was still a wilderness, with still a wilderness, chiefly the home of wild only three little spots where the whites had se beasts and wild men. In the vast extent of cured a foothold within her borders, and these the territory, which included practically all of barely within her borders. Think what a what is now the states of Indiana, Illinois, change has been wrought since then! Think Michigan, Wisconsin and · Minnesota, there of the gigantic physical task of clearing away were less than 6,ooo white people, and less than the trackless forests and bringing the land un half of them lived in what is now Indiana. der cultivation, of .opening roads, of building There were about l ,500 in and about the town towns and cities, of banding the state with lines of Vincennes, on the Wabash, the capital city of railroad and tel.egraph. Men sometimes of the new territory; a few scattered along the speak with wonder -of the work accomplished Wabash at Indian villages; nearly a thousand by the persistent effort of the coral insect, but in Clark's Grant, on the Ohio, and two or three here is an accomplishment quite as wonderful. hundred on the lower Whitewater, in the Did you· ever vvatch a woodman cut down a southeastern corner of the state, which was tree? Have you noted how slow the process, temporarily included in Ohio. The Indian chip by chip, chip b,.y chip, until the trunk is title had not been extinguished in any part of eaten through? Consider, then, the applica our present territory except these three places, tion of this process to forests covering over and a few small locations for military posts. half the state of Indi-ana. And this was but pre The southern and central portions of the state liminary work, for. after it was done, and the 7 HISTORY OF INDIA IA. trunks disposed of, and the underbrush THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. grubbed out, there was but preparation for the As in the other states, the earliest traces of planting of crops to sustain life and to produce human life in Indiana are the remains of that the wealth for the future advance of the state. mysterious race, the ~ound builders. Who they And this result of physical effort alone was were nobody knows, but it is reasonably as not the most wonderful, for with it has come sured that they had no connection with any in an industrial development .that has utilized habitants of the state of whom we have knowl every advantage that nature offered. ot only edge. They must have lived here long before has the face of the earth been made to yield its the Indian tribes, and their bones, their archi increase, but the hoarded treasures of its depths tecture, their arts and their numbers all prove have been opened and brought into use. For that they were of a different race. It is certain the conversion of these products into all the that they were quite numerous in this region, uses that the wit of man has devised, the arts and it is possible that a large part of the state and sciences have been called into action in In was under cultivation in their day, for the for diana, and her manufactures are now shipped ests grew as heavy over their mounds and into every part of the earth. And above all, earthworks when the white men first knew this progress in material things has been the them as on any of the other land. Many of development of a social organization that com their works are found in the state, especially pares without disadvantage with that of the in the southern counties. Some of the defen oldest and proudest of civilized nations. It is sive works are large, covering an area of over a tate of intelligent and happy homes. It is a thirty acres and others are built with remark state of well-governed cities and towns. It is able military skill. They have furnished ample a state whose laws have served as models for material for the study and speculation of the older states. Its system of charities and cor learned and curious, but they remain unsolved rections has received wide commendation. Its problems as they were at first. Beyond this educational system has attracted the attention field of conjecture the mounds and the men and admiration of students of educational sci who made them have had nothing to do with ence. Indiana is not laggard._ It stands in the known history of Indiana. the front ranks, and is pushino- forward and The earliest Indian claim to this territory upward without ceasing. And what does all that is known was made by the Miamis, and it this mean? These things are not the result of was conceded by the other tribes, but it is not climate, or soil, or location, or natural products. at all certain that they had resided within the They are the work of men. The true.· history borders of the state long before the French ex of Indiana is in the lives of her people, the men plorers came. They claimed all the land north of progress who have laid hold of this rough of the Ohio river froh1 the vVabash to the jewel and shaped and polished it until it is a Scioto and extendii1g north to a line drawn gem of purest ray. The record of the advance from Chicago to Detroit. Within these limits of the state through the various stages is but their ownership was not seriously ~1uestioned the meager outline of the lives of the men who by other Indians, but they were very hospitable caused tho e advances by their united, patient in granting territory to their allies, and the and admirable efforts. Their o-ood works can tribal relations became so broken that there is never be fully written, but the following pages much confusion concerning them. fr. Galla present some samples from which the rest may tin, who aimed to classify the Indians accord be in part imagined, and preliminary to these ing to language, put the Miamis under the personal portrayals it is desirable to sketch the head of the "Western Lenape," with the Me outlines of the history of the state to whose nominees, the Illinois, the Sacs and Foxes, the greatness they have contributed. Kickapoos and Mascoutins, and the Pianke- 8 HISTORY OF INDIANA. shaws. All these nations belong to the Al Kickapoos 300, Ouiatenons 400, and Pianke gonquin family, and are evidently descended sha ws 250. At the beginning of the revolu from a common stock. In the earliest period tionary war the tribes 'vere estimated at Mi of exploration of our territory the Miamis, in amis 300, and Piankesha ws, M usketoons (Ma - part at least, were living in the northen part coutins) and Vermillions 800. All these e ti of the state, above the Wabash, and the south mates are on the basis of one warrior to five ern part of the state was tininhabited. In the persons. Mr. Gallatin divided the Miamis into year 1682-3, LaSalle induced all of the Miamis, the Miamis proper or Twightwee , the Eel and all the other Indiaps that afterward lived Rivers and the Ouiatenons. The second di in Indiana, to join his colony on the Illinois vision included the band occupying the villaa river. After his death the colony went to pieces at the mouth of Eel river, called Kenapacoma and our tribes slowly made their way to the qua-the present site of Logansport. They east, most of them having centered about De were sometimes known by the French name troit by the year 1712. The movement to the L' nguille, or as Volney's translator corrupt south, and the establishment of the tribes on the it, "Long Isles." The Ouiatenons, whose name Wabash, as they subsequently were known to is found in all sorts of fanciful variations, from the whites, occurred soon after this time. "\i\Tavvyachtenokes" or "Wayouo·htanies" to The Pottawatomies resided chiefly in the "Ouijas," or "Weas," were located just below lower peninsula of Michigan, but also made the site of Lafayette. ssociatecl with these claim to Indiana as far south as the Wabash. were the remnants of the Kickapoos and Mas This land was also claimed by the Miamis, but coutins, who had also been a part of LaSalle's the two tribes occupied it jointly. lthough confederacy, but who were almo t extermi they took part in the principal wars the Potta nated in war with the French and the other watomies were rather quiet in clisposition and Indians in 1712. Lower clown on the Wabash most of them professed adherence to Catholo were the Piankeshavvs, also members of La c1sm. They were very much opposed to re Salle's confederacy, and now closely allied with moval from the state, and were in fact taken the Miamis. The Delawares came into Indi away by· force, but they have done very well ana about the middle of the last ce·ntury, and in their western homes-much better than the were granted lands for residence by the Mi other Indians from this state. amis on White river. The Shawnees, of whom The tribal organization of the .1iamis is not there were never many in Indiana, came at a very definitely understood. De Vaudreuil in still later elate. It is not probable that there 1718 divided them simply into Miamis and were ever ro,ooo Indians residing within the Ouiatenons, the latter including all who lived borders of Indiana at any time after it wa on the vVabash. . Chauvignerie, in 1736, says visited by the whites, but thev were allied "' ith they are divided into two principal families,"the all the other Indians of the northwest in their crane and the elk, though some have the bear." warfare agains.t the Americans, and jointly Those of the crane totem appear to have kept they were able to do a great deal of damage. pretty well toge~her, as the band living on the During the French occupancy the Indian Maumee were commonly called Twightwees gave very little trouble until the English began (from the cry of the crane twah-twah), and the their movement into the Ohio valley and won other Miamis called them "the older brothers." a part of the Indians to their support. From De Vaudreuil estimated the Miamis at 400 war that time there "'ere hostilities of more or le s riors, and the Ouiatenons, including the Pian importance, but most of the Indian sided with keshaws, Pepikokias, Eel Rivers and La Gros, the French to the clo e of the French and In at about l,ooo to 1,200 ·warriors. Col. Bouquet, dian war. When the French abandoned the con 111 1764, divided our Indians into Miamis 400, test, the Indians continued their opposition to 9 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the British, and under the brilliant leadership at from 350 to 730, with probabilities nearer of Pontiac managed to keep the British out of the larger number. the northwest for two years longer. Then they After this fight there was comparative quiet made peace with the British, and remained until the war of 1812 began, and then most of their faithful allies to the close of the revolu the Indians went to the aid of the British. tionary war. After the close of that war they During that war the most important Indian resisted the entrance of the Americans north of warfare in Indiana occurred-Pigeon Roost the Ohio, and were encouraged and abetted by massacre, the attack on Fort Harrison, the the British, who wished to keep an indenend siege of Fort Wayne, the battle of Mississine ent Indian state as a "buffer" between the wa and numerous smaller massacres and en Americans and the English possessions. This counters. In 1815 the Indians ceded practical was the period of most of the Indian troubles ly all the land south of the Wabash except a in Indiana, and it was ended by Wayne's vic few reserves, and by supplemental treaties in tory in 1795, and the treaty of Greenville in the 1818 surrendered additional lands above the same year, by which the Indian title to the Wabash. There were no real Indian hostili small tracts of land mentioned as occupied by ties in the state after 1815, but only a few acts the whites in 1800 was extinguished. of individual lawlessness. In 1826 and 1828 The tide of immigration made it desirable to the Miamis and Pottawatomies relinquished open more land to settlement, and vigorous ef their general claims and took reservations. forts to do this were begun. The southern part From 1834 to 1838 they surrendered their res of the state was entirely uninhabited, and ervations and were removed west of the Miss treaties were made in 1804 and 1805 by which issippi except a few individuals who re the lands along the Ohio running back for tained lands in Indiana that have been assigned thirty or forty miles were acquired from the in severalty. It was but a wretched remnant Piankeshaws and Delawares. These cessions that was removed-less than 400 W eas and did not arouse much opposition from the In Piankeshaws and l,IOO Miamis-but it went to dians, but a little later Tecumseh and his pieces still more rapidly in the new prairie brother the Prophet returned to Indiana and home. Dissipation and disease did deadly began the formation of a confederacy of the work, and during the civil war and the Kansas northwestern tribes to protect their hunting troubles preceding it they seemed exposed to grounds from further encroachments by the every untoward influence. Under the leader whites. The times were propitious, for con ship of Baptiste Peoria, part ·of the Miamis and tinued friction of daily life had aroused the W eas reformed and made some progress, but feeling of hostility between whites and Indians. when the remnants of the tribes were gathered In 1809 treaties were made for the purchase oi up and moved to Quapaw reservation in l 873 two tracts of land, one running some thirty there were only about r 50 left. Probably a miles north of the Vincennes tract, and bound part had scattered and mixed with other In ed by what was known as "the ten o'clock line," dians or with whites, but most of them had and the other running twelve miles west from disappeared forever. the Greenville treaty line. Only a part of the There is no room for question that the worst Indians joined in these treaties, and Tecumseh enemy of the Indians of Indiana was whiskey. earnestly opposed them. The attitude of the The records by observers of their awful de Indians grew more hostile until in l8II Gov. bauches ar,e too numerous and too uniform to Harrison took the field against them and de leave any doubt. So long as they remained in feated them at the battle of Tippecanoe. The this state there was no prohibition of liquor on troops under Harrison numbered about l,ooo the reservations, and it was sold in unlimited and the Indians have been variously estimated quantities by the licensed traders at· the dis- 10 HISTORY OF INDIANA. tributions of annuities. The Indians went in French colonists were slaveholders, and from to their drunks systematically and unanimously. motives of humanity ransomed prisoners from Everybody in the tribe got drunk and stayed the Indians to save them from torture and drunk as long as liquor could be procured. death. Of course if the released captive was a Their fatal passion for drink meant to them negro or an Indian he was held in slavery. destitution, disease and death. The reduction The Indians soon found that their prisoners of their numbers by 75 per cent. from the be had an exchange value in goods and firewater ginning of the revolutionary war to 1836 was superior to their taste for human flesh, and due chiefly to this cause, as was most of their so cannibalism died out and slavery arose. Fre decrease after their removal from the state. quently the wealthier Indians held slaves them At the beginning of the revolutionary war the selves. Among the Algonquin tribes an In Indians of the Wabash were approaching a dian slave was called a "pani," as the French semi-civilized state. They cultivated corn quite wrote it, which is .equivalent to our English extensively, and raised some potatoes, cabbage "Pawnee." The name undoubtedly came orig and turnips. They had some fruit trees, bred inally from personal reference to Indian slaves some poultry and pigs and had a few cattle. of that nation. The panis formed a considera They compared very favorably with the Creeks ble part of the slave population among the and Choctaws at that time. But in their war French settlers of Indiana and negroes captured with the Americans, for the first time in a by the Indians from the British settlements century, they were struck in their homes. Ex formed another considerable part. pedition after expedition swooped down on THE FOREIGN DOMINION. them from the great forest as noiselessly and as mercilessly as they ever fell upon a frontier The first white men who trod the soil of cabin. Their villages were burned, their stores Indiana were French, and by virtue of dis of corn destroyed, their fields ravished . . In covery and settlement France held the region the vicissitudes of that long struggle they lost until it was wrested from her by England in much of the advance they had made, and in war. The first explorer to come was Robert the succeeding years they did no more than to Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, who explored the regain their lost ground, if so much. Ohio river along the southern boundary of the It is not commonly known that at the time of state in 1669-70, and passed through the north the discovery of America the Indians generally western .part of the state-up the St. Joseph's, were cannibals, but such is the fact, and many across the South Bend po.rtage, and down the of them continued iri this practice for at least Kankakee-in 1671-72. This was merely ex two centuries later. The early chronicles re ploration in the interest of his fur trading busi count numerous instances of it, and the evi ness, the headquarters for which was at Fort .dences of its prevalence are beyond question. Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. Ten years later With the Miamis it continued longer than with he undertook to establish a great trading center other tribes, but with them it bec.ame a sort on the Illinois, in the midst of the great con of religious cereµiony, and was restricted to a cession which the French king had given him. society or brotherhood, such as is commonly The Iroquois came across the country from formed among Indians for various purposes. their New York homes and destroyed this es The latest recorded instance of the practice was tablishment once, but he restored it, and gath near the close of the revolutionary war, when ered about it all the Indians of the northwest, a young Kentuckian was killed and eaten at including those of Indiana, as has been men the si~e of Ft. Wayne. The immediate cause tioned. The Iroquois came no more, but the of the decadence of cannibalism was the trend of travel and settlement was turned from growth of slavery.· Both the British and the the Wabash country for the time being. A 11 HISTORY OF I DIANA. remarkable confusion has grown up in the ear These posts were merely small parts of a ly history of Indiana at this period from the great colonial system. Vincennes was includ fact that the French, following the Indian ed in the province of Louisiana and the dis cu tom, treated the Wabash and the lower trict of Illinois. It had a commandant whose Ohio as one stream, and continued the name immediate superior resided at Ft. Chartres, on "Ouabache" to the 1ississippi river. In the the 1ississippi, and his superior was located year 1702 a post was built at the mouth of the at J e\\' Orleans. The other posts were in the Ohio river, where Cairo now stands, and as it province of Canada, and were governed from was spoken of in old chronicles as being "on Detroit. The government was very simple, the Ouabache," our earlier writers supposed it being of a military character, with practically to be Vincennes. So far as is known there all the power in the commandant. The found were neither whites nor Indians on the \i\Tabash er of Post Vincennes, and first commandant, at that time. was Francois Margane, Sieur de Vincennes. In As has been said, the Indians began coming 1736, with the other forces from the Illinois, he back early in the eighteenth century and there marched against the Chickasaw Indians, in were French traders with them in their larger what is now Mississippi, and was there killed settlements. This return movement was en in battle. His successor was Louis Groston, couraged by the French on the theory of pro commonly known as St. Ange, who command tecting the country from encroachments of the ed until the country was surrendered to English, but hardly were the Indians re-estab the English. The commandant exercised li heel than the French became fearful that the power of granting concessions of land to their savage allies would be won over to the individuals, and his acts were certified by the British, whose traders were very enterprising notary, who ·was the only other functionary of and aggressive. An effort was then made to importance at the post. induce the Indians to retire from the Wabash The French settlers at Vincennes had a com again, but without success. Failing in this the mon field of about SAOO acres, which was French adopted the policy of establishing small fenced in, and in which the cattle belonging to military posts among them, and putting in the village were kept. The individual conces- command Frenchmen who had strong personal ions were outside, and were not fenced. The influence with them. The first of these estab concessions were laid off in long narrow strips, lishments was made at the site of Fort W-ayne, so that the homes of the owners might be some time earlier than 1718, and the second thrown near each other. They were a very was Post Ouiatenon, on the north side of the ociable and neighborly people. Their agri Wabash, just below Lafayette, which was es culture was rude, but the soil was fertile. They tablished a year or two later. These were not raised large amounts of wheat and corn, as settlements but only trading posts, and were well as vegetables and some fruits. They not of a permanent character, though the fur made wine of the wild grapes, and sugar from trade at them was large and important. Post maple sap. They raised tobacco of very good Vincennes was established about the year 1727 quality, and devoted considerable attention to and in 1735 a number of families settled there. the cultivation of indigo. They had cattle and It wa the first permanent French settlement in hogs in, abundance, and some horses. They Indiana, and the only one of the general char cultivated hops·, and brewed beer in small quan acter of a white settlement, where agriculture tities. They made linen from the wild hemp. was an industry of importance. There was In religion they were, of course, all Catholics. another po t on the St. Jo eph's river, but it The Wabash country was first laid off as a was beyond our borders, near the site of Niles, missionary district in 1726, and a missionary Michigan. priest was sent over from France to take 12

History of Indiana

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