Fluid Concepts & Creative Analogies CCoommppuutteerr MMooddeellss ooff tthhee FFuunnddaammeennttaall MMeecchhaanniissmmss ooff TThhoouugghhtt ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** bbyy DDoouuggllaass HHooffssttaaddtteerr aanndd tthhee FFlluuiidd AAnnaallooggiieess RReesseeaarrcchh GGrroouupp B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXllllllllllllllllllll<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< abd; ijk => ?" . ........... 236 V-2: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "aabc => aabd; ijkk => ?" . ... 238 V-3: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "abc=> abd; kji => ?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 239 V-4: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "abc=>abd;mnjjj=>?" . ........... 241 vn V-5: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "abc ~ abd; rssttt ~?" 243 V-6: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "abc ~ abd; xyz~?" 245 V-7: Bar graph of Copycat's behavior on the problem "rst ~ rsu;xyz~?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 247 V-8: Screen dumps of Copycat solving the problem "abc~ abd; mrrjjj~?" 251-255 Chapter 6: Vl-l: Pictorial representations of tworeal-world situations ..... 276 Vl-2: Predicate-calculus representations of the same twosituations. 277 Vl-3: Acomplicating factor that might be added to Figure Vl-2 .. 281 Preface 8: VlII-O: A"translation" into the Tabletop domain of a real-world analogy .. 320 ChapterS: VlII-l: Henry and Elizasitting across a table from each other. 322 VlII-2: Asimple Tabletop analogy problem. . . . . . . . . 324 VlII-3: Amore complex Tabletop analogy problem . . . . 324 VlII-4: Acartoon based on the idea of Ob-Platte analogies 335 VlII-5: Afamous puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 VlII-6: Working towards rendering the "East St.Louis of Illinois" Ob-Platte problem in the Tabletop domain . . . . . . . . 353 VlII-7: Getting closer to the "EastSt. Louis of Illinois" problem . 353 VlII-8: Gettingjust a bit closer to the "East St.Louis of Illinois" problem 354 VlII-9: A"blockage" scenario in the Tabletop domain . . . . . . . 355 VlII-I0: Human perception of groups inside groups inside groups 357 Chapter 9: IX-I: Sixmembers of the "Surround" familyof analogy problems .394-5 IX-2: Sixmembers of the "Blockage" family of analogy problems .396-7 IX-3: Sixmembers of the "Buridan" family of analogy problems .398-9 Preface 10: x-o. "Normalcy": a gridfont that playswith styleon avery cerebral level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 uui Chapter 10: X-I: Transformation rules and sample output from the DAFFODILprogram 410 X-2: Study#1 in lowercase ~'a": a sampler revealing the abstractness of the concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 X-3: Twodifferent breakdowns ofa letterform into roles . . . . . . . 415 X-4: The Letter/Spirit matrix, with "letter" represented bycolumns and "spirit" represented byrows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 X-5: The Letter Spirit grid, with three sample gridletters . . . . 421 X-6: Ten human-designed gridfonts suggesting the richness of the domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 X-7: Study#2 in lowercase "a": showing how the constraints of the grid enhance the tendency to playat the fringes ofletter categories. 424 X-8: Three gridletters that are semantically distant but syntacticallyclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 X-9: Four human-designed gridfonts illustrating various mechanisms for the propagation ofstyle 428 X-I0: The creative pathwaysleading to Benzene "a"and Benzene "x" 430 X-ll: Steps in the perception of a gridletter. . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 X-12: Role-regrouping within the Platonic concept "t'', with some gridletters that are thereby made accessible 445 X-13: Perceiving various potential stylisticattributes in a particular letter. 450 X-14: AtypicalLetter Spirit analogy puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 X-15: Twopossible solutions to the preceding puzzle 452 X-16: How essentially the same puzzle washandled bythe designer ofFrizQuadrata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 X-17: Apossible seed letter "f"featuring averystriking norm-violation. 455 X-18: One far-out idea for realizing the concept "t" in the same style . 455 X-19: Tworefinements of the preceding shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 X-20: Fourteen letters fed to the GridFont network to suggest the full human-designed stylecalled "Hunt Four" 461 X-21: The remaining letters ofHunt Four asdesigned bythe font's human inventor, and asproduced bythe GridFont network. 462 X-22: The first half ofHermann Zapf's typeface Optima 464 Epilogue: E-1: "Adamand Eve",a drawing byHarold Cohen's program Aaron. 469 E-2: Twowaysto prove that an isoscelestriangle has equal base angles: the standard wayand Pappus' trickyway . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 479 ix Acknowledgments Prior Sources for Chapters Chapter 2 ("The Architecture ofJumbo" by D. Hofstadter) appeared in a highly condensed version in 1983, under the same title, on pages 161-170 of the Proceedings oftheInternational Machine Learning Workshop, edited byR.Michalski,]. Carbonell, and T. Mitchell, published by the University of Illinois Press (Urbana, Illinois). Essentially the whole of Chapter 2 also appeared in 1985, in an Italian translation, under the title "L'architettura del '[umbo'", on pages 298-333 of La Sfida della Complessita, edited byG.Bocci and M.Ceruti, published byFeltrinelli (Milan). Chapter 3 ("Numbo: A Study in Cognition and Recognition" by D. Defays) originally appeared in 1990, under the same title, on pages 217-243 of TheJoumalfor theIntegrated Study ofArtificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, and Applied Epistem?logy, vol. 7, no. 2. Chapter 4 ("High-level Perception, Representation, and Analogy: A Critique of Artificial-intelligence Methodology" by D. Chalmers, R. French, and D. Hofstadter) appeared in a slightly longer version in 1992, under the same title, on pages 185-211 of TheJournal ofExperimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4, no. 3. Chapters 5 and 6 ("The Copycat Project: A Model of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-making" and "Perspectives on Copycat: Comparisons with Recent Work" byD. Hofstadter and M. Mitchell) originally appeared together in 1993 as a single article, bearing the same title as Chapter 5, on pages 31-112 of Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, Vol. 2: Analogical Connections, edited by K. Holyoak and]. Barnden, published byAblex Corporation (Norwood, NewJersey). Reprinted with permission from Ablex Publishing Corporation. Chapter 7 ("Prolegomena to Any Future Metacat" by D. Hofstadter) originally appeared in 1993 asthe Afterword (pages 235-244) to M.Mitchell's book Analogy-Making asPerception, published by MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts). Parts of Chapter 8 ("Tabletop, BattleOp, Ob-Platte, Potelbat, Belpatto, Platobet" by D. Hofstadter and R. French) appeared in 1992, in a somewhat different and quite condensed form, in Chapter 3 of Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Computer Model of Analogy-making, French's Ph.D. dissertation in Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan. The final sixsections of the Epilogue ("On Computers, Creativity, Credit, Brain Mechanisms, and the Turing Test" by D. Hofstadter) appeared in 1993, in somewhat different form, aspart ofthe article "Analogy-making, Fluid Concepts, and Brain Mechanisms", published in Essays in Honour ofAlan Turing, Vol.2: Connectionism, Concepts, and FolkPsychology, edited byP.Millican and A.Clark, and published byOxford University Press (Oxford, England). Figure Credits Jumble cartoon, p. 98, reprinted by permission: Tribune Media Services. Cartoon byDana Fradon, p. 335, © 1992 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. "Adam and Eve", p. 469, reprinted by permission: W. H. Freeman.

Fluid Concepts Creative Analogies

Similar Fluid Concepts Creative Analogies