HGN 4136 S.J. Francisco Suarez, On Real Relation (Disputatio Me1taphysica XLVII) A Translation from the Latin, with an lntroductio n and Notes by John Doyle P~ Professor of Philosophy St. Louis University -~ MARQUEITE UNIVERSITY PRESS © 2006 Marquette University Press Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-3141 All rights reserved. To Mary Gale www.marquette.edu/ mupress/ My Devoted Wife o.f Forty-Three Years, the Loving Mother ofO ur Children Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data and Dear Grandmother ofT heir Children, Suarez, Francisco, 1548-1617. with Affection & Gratitude. (Disputationes mecaphysicae. 47. English & Latin] On real relation= (Disputatio metaphysica XLYII) I Francisco Suire-L; a translation from the Latin, with an incroduction and notes, by John P. Doyle. p. cm. - (Medieval philosophical texts in uanslacion ; no. 42) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. !SBN-13: 978-0-87462-245-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN-I 0: 0-87462-245-X (pbk. : alk. paper) l. Relacion (Philosophy) 2. Oncology. 3. Transcendencals. I. Doyle, John P., 1930-II. Title. Ill. Mediaeval philosophical texts in translation ; no. 42. B785.S823057 l 3 2006 l l l- dc22 2006003693 9 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Informarion Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-l 992. rzllll-~ Agsoc1ation of Amr.ric~m r-f-""-f:_J University Presses MAl\l,JUtiTTE UNIVERSITY PRES~ ..1 1\.WliOKt.IJ Contents I. INTRODUCTION: A. Suarez, the Man, his Work, and his Place in the 1-Iistory of Philosophy ............................................................................. 9 B. Suarez as a Disciple of Aristotle. ........................................................ 16 C. Relation in Aristotelian Philosophy .................................................. 19 1. Principal Places in which Aristotle treats the Category of Relation: Categories, c. 7 and Metaphysics V, c. 15 .............................................. 19 2. A Wider Overview ......................................................................... 19 3. Some Connected Issues .................................................................. 21 (a) The Aristotelian Division of Being ............................................ 22 (b) The Nature of the Categories .................................................... 22 (c) Relation and the Last Six Categories .......................................... 24 D. Suarez on Relation 1. Two chief places in the Disputationes metaphysicae: ......................... 26 Disputation 47 and Disputation 54, Section 6. The Dividing Line between Real Being in the Categories and Being of Reason ............ 26 2. Some other places in the Disputationes ........................................... 26 3. Some Theological Concerns-Christian Dimensions both in Suarez's sources and in his own Doctrine-especially Trinity and Incarnation 27 E. Summaries of the Sections of Disputation 47. ................................... 28 II. Translator's Notes The Terminology of Relation ................................................................ 33 III. DISPUTATION FORTY-SEVEN: "About Created Real Relations"-.. English Translation ............................................................................ 37 Section I. Whether Relation Is a True Category of Real Being, Different from Other Categories? ...................................................... 40 Section II. Whether a Categorical Relation Is Actually and Really Distinguished from All Absolute Beings? ........................................... 57 Section Ill. How Many Kinds of Relation Exist? And Which Is Truly Categorical? ....................................................... 79 Section IV. How Does a Categorical Relation Differ from a Transcendental One? .......................................................................... 91 Section V. What Is the Essential Definition of a Categorical Relation? . 107 Section VI. About the Subject of a Categorical Relation ....................... 117 Section VII. About the Foundation of a Categorical Relation and about the Reason for That Foundation ............................................ 123 Section VIII. About the Terminus of a Categorical Relation ................. 133 8 Francisco Suarez: Metaphysical Disputation 47. On Real Relation Section IX What Distinction Must There Be becween the Foundation and the Terminus of a Relation? .............................................................. 143 Introduction Section X Whether Three Kinds of Relatives Were Correctly Divided on a Threefold Basis by Aristotle? ............................................................ 149 A. Suarez, the Man, His Work, and Section XI. About the First Kind of Relations, Based on His Place in the History of Philosophy. 1 Number or Unity. ............................................................................ 163 Although this is ground well traveled, both by others and by me in earlier Section XII. About the Second Kind of Relations, publications, it is I think useful to travel it once more for readers who are Based on Potency or Action ............................................................. 177 comparatively unaquainted with Suarez and his work. Section XIII. About the Third Kind of Relations, Francisco Suarez was born at Granada in Spain on January 5, 1548. In Based on the Character of Measure .................................................. 185 1561, he enrolled at the University of Salamanca, where he began his study of Section XN. Is the Mentioned Division Sufficient, and Law, an interest he would have for the rest of his Life. In 1564 he entered the Does It Comprehend All Relations? ................................................. 191 Jesuits, i.e., the Society ofJ esus, which had been founded thirty years before Section XV. Whether All the Relations of the Third Kind, and Only by St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556). In October 1566, following two years These, Are Non-Mutual?-Where We Discuss the Rdations of God of philosophical education, he began to study theology, still at Salamanca. In to Creatures .......................................................................................... 197 this study, the best known and most important of his teachers was the Do Section XVI. ls the Formal Terminus of a Relation Another Relation or minican, Juan Mancio (1497-1576), who was, fourth in succession after the Some Absolute Character?-Where Incidentally Various Questions famous Francisco de Vitoria (1492/3-1546), holding Salamanca's principal Are Also Explained .......................................................................... 219 chair ( Cdtedra de Prima) of theology. Section XVI!. In What Way the Category "Toward Something" Can Be In 1570 Suarez started to teach philosophy, first at Salamanca and then at Ordered under One Supreme Genus.-Where We Also Discuss the Segovia. He was ordained a priest in March 1572, and he continued to lecture Individual Distinction of Relations .................................................. 245 in philosophy until, in September 1574, at the Jesuit College, Valladolid, he Section XVIII. What Are the Properties of a Relation? .......................... 263 began what would be his life's work as a theology teacher for the Society. In IV. DISPUTATION FORTY-SEVEN: "De Relationibus Realibus Creatis" time after, he taught theology at Avila (1575), Segovia (l 575), Valladolid again -A Latin Transcription ...................................................................... 267 (1576), Rome (1580), Alcala (1585), and Salamanca (1593). In 1597, at the V. Persons Mentioned by Suarez in the Forty-Seventh Disputation ......... 407 request of King Philip II, he accepted the principal chair of theology at the VI. Bibliography. .................................................................................... 411 University of Coimbra, where in 1612 he published the distillate of his legal VII. Index ofNames ............................................................................... 419 teaching in his treatise, "On Laws," (De legibus). He remained at Coimbra VIII. Subject lndex ................................................................................. 423 until his retirement in 1615. On 25 September 1617, he died in Lisbon. I For details of Suarez's life, see Raoul De Scorraille, S.]., Frttnfois Suarez de la Com pagnie de fems, 2 vols., Paris, 1911-13. In English see Joseph Fichter, Man ofS pain, Francis Suarez, New York, 1940. For a shorter but yet reliable source, cf. P. Monnot, "Suarez, Franyois. I. Vie et oeuvres," in Dictionnafre de Theologie Catholique, XIV, 2 parrie (Paris, 1941) cols. 2638-2649. For more recent presentations, cf. Jorge J.E. 0 Gracia, "Francisco Suarez: The Man in History," The American Catholic Philosophi cal Quarterly, LXV (1991), pp. 259-266; Carlos Norefia, "Suarez and the Jesuits," ibid., pp. 267-286, and John P. Doyle, "Suarez, Francisco," Routledge Encyclopedia ofP hilosophy (London/New York: Routledge, 1998), vol. 9, pp. 189-196. Also see Jacob Schmutz: "Francisco Suarez, S.J." at http://www,ulb.ac.be/philo/scholasti con/nornenS .htrn#suarez. 10 Francisco Suarez: Metaphysical Disputation 47, On Real Relation fntroduction 11 Beyond his teaching, Suarez engaged in theological and political debates. different authors. 4 Not surprising in a work on metaphysics, Aristotle (384-322 the most famous of these was the controversy De auxiliis ("On the Helps BC) was most mentioned, a total of 1735 times, while St. Thomas Aquinas [for Salvation]"). Between Jesuits and Dominicans, debate here centered on was next, cited 1008 times.5 However, Suarez does not just recite opinions; God's foreknowledge and causality, grace and human freedom. Suarez, with he is always an independent thinker who Faithfully reports as many positions his fellow Jesuits, St. Robert BeUarmine (1542-1621) and Luis Molina (1535- as he can and gives fair treatment both to those he accepts and to those he 1600), allowed for divine prerogatives but also championed human free will. rejects.6 Less metaphysical was the dispute between the Republic of Venice and the In the first Disputation (Opera omnia, Paris: Vives [1856]: vol. 25, pp. 1-64), papacy about the limits of papal jurisdiction. In the course of this dispute he tells us that the object of metaphysics is "being insofar as it is real being." Suarez in 1607 composed (but did not publish) a pro-papal treatise entitled, Sharpening this, he follows Aristotle7 to exclude from that object both being "On Ecclesiastical Immunity Violated by the Venetians. "2 Praising his effort, of reason and incidental being (i.e. ens per accidens). In a way then that reflects Pope Paul V [Camillo Borghese (1552-1621), pope (1605-1621)], in the year Avicenna's (980-1037) w1derstanding of Aristotelian metaphysics, the precise of its composition, said that the work showed its author to be "an outstanding object of metaphysics abstracts from existence and transcends all categories, and pious doctor" (Doctor eximius ac pius). From this came the honorific title genera, species and differences to embrace everything real, which is to say Suarez has received in the history of Scholasticism-"Doctor eximius," "the mind-independent. Outstanding Doctor." The second part and second volume oft he Disputationes goes on in Disputa Suarez's published writings, which fill 26 volumes in their most accessible tion 28 (Vives: vol. 26, pp. 1-21) to divide being between infinite and finite. edition,' were mainly theological and normally corresponded to some area In Disputation 29 (pp. 21-60), Suarez demonstrates the existence of God in a of the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Outside this quasi-deductive manner from the common concept of being. After an inves Thomistic framework are the two volumes of the Disptttationes metaphysicae tigation of the divine nature in Disputation 30 (pp. 60-224), Disputation 31 ("Metaphysical Disputations"), which were published at Salamanca in 1597. (pp. 224-312) begins treatment of finite being with a denial of the Thomistic Suarez's most important and most influential work, the volumes rehearse his real distinction of essence and existence in creatures. In Disputation 32 (pp. own and other Scholastics' thought on myriad questions, arranged systematically 312-329), substance and accidents are considered in a general way and over in the form of fifty-four "Disputations," which deal with topics in metaphys the next four Disputations (pp. 329-491) substance is treated in detail while ics. the various categories of accident are treated in Disputations 37 to 53 (pp. Any reader will be struck by the work's phenomenal display of learning. In 491-1014). Real relation is the subject matter oft he forty-seventh Disputation, the just mentioned edition, it contains almost 2000 quarto pages, which, from which is our concern now. a word count of a sample page, I estimate to contain more than 1.4 million The whole of the Disputationes concludes in Disputation 54 (pp. 1014- words. After stating each problem, Suarez searched the history of philosophy 1041) with a systematic discussion of "beings of reason" (entia rationis), which and theology for solutions that had been offered to it. With as many as twenty are divided into negations, privations, and mind-dependent relations-all of two opinions listed in connection with a single question, almost every available which are, once more in the wake ofA ristotle, outside the real being, which Greek, Arabic, Patristic, and especially Scholastic writer has been cited, often is the object of metaphysics. many times. AI; a rule, these citations are from original sources and exact ref AI; for Suarez's place in the history ofp hilosophy, it is fair to say that through erences are given. One historian has counted 7709 citations, referring to 245 his selection of issues and persons before himself he largely shaped the trans- 4 Cf. Jesus lturrioz, S.J., "Fuentes de la metaflsica de Suarez," Pensamiento, numero extraordinario (Madrid, 1948), pp. 31-89, esp. p. 39. 2 The work was finally published by Mgr. J.-B. Malou, bishop of Bruges, as the 4th 5 Ibid., p. 40. Treatise in a volume entitled: R.P. Francisci S11arezii, Opuscula sex inedita, Parisi 6 For an appraisal of this side of Suarez by a great modern historian of philosophy, Bruxelles: P. Gueau, 1859. cf. Etienne Gilson, Being and Some Philosophers, 2nd edition (Toronco: Pontifical 3 Opera Omnia, Paris: L. Vives, 1856-1866; plus two volumes (27 and 28) of indices, Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1952), p. 99. 1878. 7 Cf. Metaphysics 6.4.1027b33-l 028a3. 12 Francisco Suarez; Metaphysical Disputation 47, On Real Relation Introduction 13 mission of that history. In this, he had enormous authority among Catholic the Calvinist tradition of German15 and Dutch16 schools, for both metaphys Scholastics, even for writers who disagreed with him.• As might be expected, 11 ics11 and law. Through the Calvinist tradition that influence passed from the however, he was most influential among his Jesuit Order-brothers.9 Pari passu Netherlands, by way of the University of Cambridge, even to colonial New with the growth and activity of the Society of Jesus,'" Suarez's metaphysics spread from the Catholic schools of Spain, Portugal, and Italy to northern European countries.11 Beyond Catholicism, it crossed to the Lutheran univer GomsgmNscha.ft, Milnscer i.W.: Aschendorff, 1928, 251-325; Ernst Lewalter, sities of Germany, 12 where the Diputationes metaphysica~·. ofw hich seventeen Spanische-jesuitische r'nd detttschluthel'ische Metaphysik des I 7 Jahrhunderts, Darm editions appeared between 1597 and 1636, 13 was studied, by those especially stadt: Wissenschafdiche Buchgesellschafr, 1967 (reprint of Hamburg, 1935), Max Wundc, DiedeutscheSchulmetaphysikdes I 7j ahrhtmderts, Tubingen:J.C. Mohr, 1939, who embraced what had been Philip Melanchthon's ( 1497-1560) conciliatory and J. Iriarte, "La proyecci6n ...." Among chose in the Lutheran university world attitude toward philosophy. 14 In similar way, Suarez had major influence in influenced by Suarez, we may mention especially, Jacob Martini (1570-1649), who authored: "Mecphysical Divisions and Questions, in which almost all Distinctions 8 For example, John Poinsot {a.k.a. John of St. Thomas, O .. P. [1589-1644)) in his of Metaphysical Terms are accurately Explained so chat principally Questions from Cursus philosophicus has cited Suarez 167 times; c£ Joannis a Sancto Thoma, O.P., Francisco Suarez and Clemens Tim pier are partly Answered, partly Examined, and Curms philosophicus Thomisticus, ed. B. Reiser, O.S. B. (Tauri ni: Marietti, 1930-37), partly Refuted" (Partitiones et quaestiones metaphysicae, in quibu.r fore tel'minorum romus III, pp. 492-5. metaphysicorum distinctiones accurate explicantm; ut et praecipue quaestiones ex Fr. 9 Among those he influenced in the seventeenth-century, we can mention: Pedro Sual'etz et Cl. Timplero partim resolvuntur, panim examinantur et refntantw; Wit Hurtado de Mendoza (1578-164 J) , Francisco de Oviedo (1602-1651), Rodrigo de tenberg, 1615). and Christoph Scheibler (1589-1653), who was nicknamed "the Arriaga (1592-1667), Sylvester Mauro (1619-1687), and Luis de Lossada (1681- Protestant Suarez" and whose chief work was an Opus metaphysicwn, published 1748). Hurtado, for example, refers to Suarez as "the brightest light not only of at Giessen in 1617 and then later in 1633 at Oxford, a work which was used by the Society and of Spain, but even of the whole Church." ( ... P. Fl'ancisc. Suarez Spinoza among others. clal'issimum no11 so/um Societatis, et Hispaniae lumen, sed eti1im Ecclesiae totius, ... ); 15 For example, in Heidelberg, Sceinfurc, Herborn, Marburg (Calvinist from 1605 to cf Universa philosophia, Metaphysica, Prooemium, disp. l, Sf:c. 1, n. 48, nova editio 1624), Leyden, Franeker, etc. Among chose influenced here co some degree by Suarez (Lugduni: Sumpt. L. Prose Heredis Rovilli, 1624), p. 700. were Bartholomaeus Keckermann (1572-1609) and ClemensT im pier ( 1567-1624), 1O I n the year of its foundation the Society had just ten members. When St. Ignatius who is actually at pains to separate himself from Suarez on the central poinr of the died in 1566, that numbr had grown to 1000. In 1580, it was 5000, and by 1600, object of metaphysics, which for Timpler is "every intelligible" (omne intelligibile) the Order numbered 13, 112 members, in 436 houses, spread through 37 provinces; rather than "being insofar as it is real being." cf E.L. Lampe, "Counter Reformation," New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: 16 For chis, c£ Paul Dibon, La philosophie neerlandaise au siecle d'o1; tome 1· L'en.reignment McGraw-Hill, 1967), vol. IY, p. 387. a philosophique dans ies universites lepoque p,.tcartesierme (1575-1650), (Paris/Am 11 On the northern expansion oft he Jesuits, see Bernhard Duh r, Geschichteder}esttiten in scerdarn/Londres/New York, 1954), p. 42: "La Disputatio, si florissante dans Jes den Landern deutscher Ztmge, Vols. I and II, Freiburg im B.: Herder, 1907-1913. a a universites medievales, a survecu la Renaissance et Suarez apparait, la fin du 16< 12For example, in Helmstedc, Jena, Marburg (Lutheran until 1605 and after 1624), sil:cle, comme w1 ma!cre inconcesce en cec art craditionnel. Ou trouverait-on en Giesscn, etc. effec examen plus exhauscif des arguments et forme syllogiscique plus rigoureuse 13 For chis, see Joaqufn 1riarce, S.J., "La proyecci6n sobre Europa de una gran mecaf!sica, clans la solution de la question que clans les Disp11tatio11es metaphysicae du jesuice o Suarez en la filosoffa de los dias del Barocco," Razon y Fe, numero excraordinario espagnol?" (1948), 229-65, p. 236. Iriarte regards chis astounding diffusion of Suarez's 2000 17 For Suarez's influence in the Netherlands with special regard to the metaphysical page work as perhaps unique in the history of philosophy and he compares it with demonstration of God's existence and further knowledge of divine attributes, see the early edicions of Descartes's Meditationes: ""Descartes, por ejemplo, en todo el Asa Goudriaan, Phiiosophische Gotteserkenntnis bei Sudrez und Descartes in Zusam siglo XVII alcanz6 cuacro ediciones de! conjunro total de sus Obras filos6ficas. Y menhang mit der niederlandischen reformierten Theoiogie und Philosophic des I 7. de sus 'Medicaciones Metaf!sicas,' por separado, en ese misrno siglo (1641-1700), jahrhunde,.ts (Leiden/Boscon/Koln: Brill, 1999), esp. pp. 1-167. nueve ediciones. Meditaciones que no son sino un foUeco, despues de todo," ibid, l 8For Suarez as a forerunner here of tl1e famous Dutch jurisprudent, Hugo Grotius, note 6. see: Paola Negro, "lntomo alle fonti scolastiche in Hugo Grotius," in Dalla prima 14 For rn uch of this, see: Karl Eschweiler, "Die Philosophic der spanischen Spatscho a/la seconda Scoiastica, a cura di A. Ghisalberci (Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domeni lastik auf der Universicacen des l 7 Jahrhunderts," in Spanische Forschungen der ca no, 2000), pp. 200-251, esp. 207-208, 217-218, 228-236, and 250-251. 14 Francisco Sutirez: Metaphysical Disputation 47, On Real Relation Introduction 15 England," where Suarez the hisrorian and the thinker was well known and [Jisputationes, Wbii of which he is believed to have owned a copy. 21 Gottfried important for philosophical and theological development. Wilhelm Leibniz (1649-1716) boasted that when he was young he had read In all probability, it was Suarezian metaphysics that Rene Descartes (1596- Suarez "like a novel."" Again, Leibniz's independent disciple, Christian Wolff 1650) first learned from his Jesuit teachers at La Fleche. 20 While he is short (1679- 1754), whose Onto!ogia was for Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804) a para on explicit citations, Descartes has on at least one occasion referred to the digm of pre-critical metaphysics,2.l says that it was "Francisco Suarez, of the Society ofJesus, who among Scholastics pondered metaphysical questions with I 9'fhus, the Venice, 1605 edition of the Disputationes is listed by Arthur 0. Norton, particular penetration."2·1 Beyond all doubt Wolff was in his own metaphysics in his "Harvard Iexr-Books and Reference Books of the Seventeenth Century," very much in debt to Suarez.25 In the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopen Publications ofthe Colonial Society ofMasstichusetts, vol. 28 (April, 1933), p. 429. hauer (1788-1860) often cited Su

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