AssociIanttieornn adteiso nale EtudAersm eniennes Worhda cso mfer omJ oDWsre .ti eb ne trhgaa n te Awr meno logiscoaclih eabtsey e fno rmIetidsn. t enittsiop o rno pagate PubliswhietSdhu bventfiroonm mattdeeraslw iintAghr mensicahno laTrhhAesI iEpiA.n TheA GBUA leMxa noogiCaunl tuFruanld tentdous n istceh oflraoramslo lv etrh weo rlwdi,tt hh e excepotfti hotene rrciotvoerbryye t dhN eo rAtmhe rican sister-orSgAaSn.i zation ISSN 0- 928 0701 Af imresett wianhsge ladtW assenaaro,n O Hcotlolbaenrd 18, a1n9wd8a 2as,t tenbdyDe rdA. .H ultg(aUaprpds ala), PrintaetC dl evelSatnadtU en iversity DrF..M awe(tB ruxeDlrVl..e sN)e,r s(eLsosnidPaornno )f,. DrM..E .S to(nJee rusDarJl..e S m.WJ) e.,i ten(bLeerigd en). As ecomnede thianbsge epnr opoast ewdo,- vdeanyt autr e theen odAf u guisnLt e iden/Wassenaar. Thowsies hmionrgie n formaareteni coonu rtaowg reitdto e J. WJe.i tSe.n berg UniveLresiidteyn . DepartomfCe onmtp arLaitnigvuei stics WitStien 2g5e2,l3 1B1G Leiden. Holland Table of Contents 1 H. W. Bailey Armenian azbn and pelem 5 Ji:irundur Hilmarsson Armenian astuac "God" 17 J.R.Russell Armenian * azavatem 23 G. B. Djahukian On Etymological Doublets and Parallels of Armenian 35 N. A. Parnassian The Development of the Grammatical Structure of Modern Armenian 47 Robert Danko££ Evliya Chelebi of the Armenian Language of Sivas in 1650 57 Amalya Kachaturian The Nature of Voiced Aspirated Stops and Affricates in Armenian Dialects 63 Eric Hamp On the Helleno-Armenian Shared Lexicon Erastank Note on "Armenian Surname Changes" 67 John A. C. Greppin Hypercorrection in Armenian 73 The Interrelationship of Arm. hanum, henum, hinum "weave, plait" Book Notes 79 Jaan Puhvel. Analecta Indoeuropaea (Rudiger Schmitt) 83 Elishe. History of Vardan and the Armenian War (Rudiger Schmitt) 85 Zaven Arzoumanian. History of Lewand the Eminent Vardapet of the Armenians. (Robert Hewson) 87 George A. Bournoutian. Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of the Persian Rule, 1807-1828. (J. A. C. Greppin) 88 Robert Gulbenkian. The Translation of the Four Gospels into Per sian. (J. A. C. Greppin) 89 Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East. (J. A. C. Greppin) 90 Classical Armenian Culture: Proceedings of the First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture. (J.A.C. Greppin) 92 Robert Godel. Linguistique armenienne: etudes diachroniques. (J. A. C. Greppin) 93 Levon K. Khacherean (ed.). Arakcel Siwnecci, Yalags kcerakanutc ean, hamarowt lucmunkc (J. A. C. Greppin) 94 Asot l.usencc Aresi barbafa (J. A.-C. Greppin) Armenian azbn and pelem H. W. BAILEY Queens' College, Cambridge The steady publication of eastern Iranian documents from the pre-Turkish Central Asian region from Kashgharia to Kroraina (the Taklamakan desert, the Tarim basin) has made known parts of the lost north Iranian vocabulary. In this the language of ancient Gostana, Hvatana (modern Khotan) of the Saka state (recorded in Chinese dy nastic histories from the second century B.C. to the tenth centry A.D.) has had a large share. The Iranian materials in Khotan-Saka docu ments, so far as they were known to me in 1979, were gathered up in my Dictionary of Khotan Saka. It is exclusively Iranian and stems from a plan of twelve scholars meeting in Bonn (1938) to work for an etymological dictionary of all Iranian. This is the only fruit so far of that plan. The Dictionary is no simple list of words with etymologies, but provides evidence for the meanings by quotation of bilingual and parallel passages; and the etymological proposals are a supplement at the end of each lemma. Reviewers, by misinterpretation and taking advantage of the ambiguous use of "Saka" instead of the more accu rate "eteo-Saka" have sadly misrepresented the aim of the book. Inevitably words in this new Iranian material have information on loan-words in early Armenian. Here are two Armenian words which have so far remained unrecognized as Iranian. Khotan-Saka ysba "reed" renders Buddhist Sanskrit vetra-. It is a loan-word spa in Tibetan in the same medical text. First, as to Khotan-Saka spelling, since this is still little studied, note that ys is a 2 H. W. Bailey Armenian azbn and pelem 3 digraph to express z, for which the Brahmi script had and still has no To connect these meanings "branch" (whence "branched") and sign. Khotan-Saka had six sibilants s s s z ii (as in North-West Prakrit "bone," a meaning "excrescence" or "jutting part" may be the origin. and modern Sipa). Thus ysba is a theme *zba- or, as an initial a-may Note a similar development of meaning in Khotan-Saja drkha- "ex be lost, *azbd-. An initial a-can be lost even when it is the negative a crescence" and Ossetic drx "branch." A parallel to a monosyllabic as in Kotan-Saka nd$ a- (*ndia-) "food of immortality," Zor. Pahl. Inda-European base with various suffix, see al<-"sharp" with suffixes anos, Sogd, nws, which renders Bud. Sask.amrta-. -m-, -n-, -r-, -s-, and -t-in Porkorny's Dictionary; and add from Iranian Armenian has azbn (gen. azbin, inst. azbamb, plur. azbounk< Khotan-Sala haska- "tusk," New Pers. ask, yask, Avestan asiira-, Os "weaver's reed to separate threads"; in a compound azbnagol "magic setic dnsura, Sogd. 'ns'wr. with a weaver's reed." There is also azb-occ "stick" with suffix -o-; and * * * in a compound azba-xumb "very close." There is no connection of fered in Adjarians's HAB (who however rejects contact with Syriac A base *pel- "to be or make hollow" (and from "make holes," 'zb-' *azb-d "hair of armpits"). "dig") is attested in Iranian Khotan-Saka pilirii- "hollow tube, clyster These two words, Khotan-Saka and Armenian, may throw light pipe in medicine," where pi-may replace either pe- or pi-. The Mani upon an Inda-European problem. There is an Inda-European mono chean Sogd. has pyl-yr "musical pipes." 2 The loan word passed to Uigur Turk. bylwr, Kurd. bilur, bilwer, Mongol bilir, biler, modern syllable *os- with two meanings "bone" and "twig, branch." It is attested in Luwian hassa- "bone," Avestan ah- in the adjective bilar, Manchu pileri and Chinese pi-li (piet-liet). Armenian blul, not in the dictionaries, will be the Kurd bilur. All these forms could have anhaena- "of bone," and Khotan-Saka dhiipe "skeleton," and ~a been *pelir or *pilir. "bone." It occurs with suffixes. With-d- Greek has u~rn; from *oz-do The one form which shows pe- is the Caucasian Lakk ppellit'u "branch;" 1 from d passed to -t-Gothic asts, Old Engl. ost, and Armen. "musical pipes," cited in the Atlas of musical instruments in Cyrillic ost "branch" (Armen. o is Indo-Eur. *o). With -t- Hitt. hastai, Greek script as pelyuti. Through G. Hewitt I learn from M. Job that this word boi:fov "bone,"Avestan ast-, azd-, Khotan-Saka hastaa-, Ossetic dstdg is isolated in eastern Caucasus. Lakk however is not altogether reli (*astaka-). With velar suffixes occur Armen. oskr, gen. osker, adj. able between -e-and-i- as can be seen in Lakk bil "spade" beside A var oskerit, oskrelen, oskrout and oskra- in compounds. Gree! xstu-. This development is in harmony with Eichner's the element following a-reflects some form or derivate of the 1.-E.r oot proposal, for which, however, he does not adduce any evidence di xsteH,-"stand" would not seem very far-fetched. The first two ele rectly, but judging by his discussion of other reflexes of I.E.- 'w in ments of astuac would thus mean "placed together, standing together, Armenian, he seems to be of the opinion that the u-stem gen.sg. established, created." The root xsteH,-is represented in Armenian in ending -u bears witness to this treatment, cf. kov "cow"< 'kowuh, the verb stanarn, aor. stac -u tainable. The question arises how these forms would be realized in in all positions," to which one would then have to add: "whatever its Armenian. origin." If that were so, however, one would expect that this sound The -w-of •stow-poses a problem. After •-6-becomes •-u-, further law had applied in a case like alues "fox," cf. Gk. hAWJtl]I"; id." If x-op development of the form •stuw- is somewhat uncertain. There appear here became x-uw-that consequently was reduced to •-u-which was to be four alternatives: retained because of its hiatus position before a following accentuated syllable, then the "thick" -l- is a riddle. In fact, the -l- shows that the 1. xstuw- > xstug-. According to a recent study by Eichner -u- once must have been consonantic, so that alues derives fro_m (1978:144-162, esp. 150 ff.) the normal development of 1.-E. xw in xalwes-< xaJuwes-through syncope of the -u-in unaccentuated posi Armenian is xg (through an intermediate stage xgw( Verstarkung der tion. Thus -uw- > -u-does not apply in the case of -w-from I.-E. labial Hinterzungenhebung) ultimately yielding xg (Aufgabe der Lip occlusive, which makes the development of -uw- to -u in final accen penrundung). To this sound law, however, there are some exceptions· tuated position predictable and the u-stem gen.sg. ending -u worth conditioned by the phonetic environment. Thus > xw before Proto less for determining a general sound law uw to u. Armenian xwa nd in the diphthongxiw (secondarily also xew).F urther Further examples in Eichner's article that imply a development more, 1.-E. xw yields zero in the positions before tautosyllabic xr, uw > u appear to be c -ug-. On the contrary, a case like stuar xskuwo-?), gen.sg. c •uwyo- > •yuwo- > •juw > ju. To sum up this discussion: (1) •stuw- > •stug-is contradicted by A better example would have been stuar < •stuwar < •stow-(r-?), stuar and vec<;( 2) •stuw- > •stu- is possible, but less likely than (3) cf. Skt. sthavara-, with-u- retained in hiatus position, or vec<< •uwecc •stuw- > •stw-if one can judge by the previous consonantal character < •huwecc < •suweh with a development of u-to v- in initial position of the -u-in alues <•alwes- < •aluwes-. However, a decision between before a vowel. Neither word, however, is decisive, because both fit these two alternatives is irrelevant in our case as both would yield also within the context of alternative three below. Armenian stu-; (4) •stuw- > •stw- > •sk-would show a sound change that may have applied to an original cluster •stu-, but perhaps did not operate any more in the period after the syncope of unaccentuated 3. •stuw- > •stw-. This alternative implies that -uw- in an accen internal vowels, cf. stuar. tuated position before a vowel was retained as such, until final sylla 1.-E.• sW-and •stHu- before vowel would either develop a glide, bles were apocopated and -uw-, now in final position, became -u, cf. in which case the same possibilities of further development as dis the u-stem gen.sg. ending and possibly c •stuw-V- present themselves, or in an unaccentuated position before an accentuated vowel-uw- > -w a glide might not develop (this applies especially to •stHu-), in which through syncope of the -u-whereas the remaining -u-, originally con case -u-would be retained because of its hiatus position in spite of the sonantic, was in Classical Armenian realized as -u-cf. stuar < •stwar following.accentuated syllable (cf. Meillet 1936:20-21). < •stuwar or vecc < •wee<< •uwecc < •huwec<. Alas, there is no decid Given the choice between •stow-, •sW-, and •stHu- as possible ing between alternative two and three, because the end result is in predecessors of (a)stu(ac), I think that •stHu- would be the likeliest both cases the same. If, however, the development witnessed in alues candidate, because it is actually attested as a nominal stem form in (cf. above) has any bearing upon this problem, the decision must be in Inda-European (cf. Lith. atstus, Skt. su~thu, anu~thu whereas the favor of alternative three, because the -l- of alues shows that the -u other two forms are not attested as nominal stems without further once was consonantic, which fits within the context of alternative extensions. Thus one might posit as the first part of the Armenian three but not alternative two. compound astuac an 1.-E. •s:rp-stHu-meaning "(that which is) put A last consideration comes to mind leading on to the fourth together, firm, solid, established, created," cf. Icel. samstre~ur "ho conceivable alternative. mogeneous, well fitted, solid." The last component of astuac is probably identical with the 4. •stuw- > •sk- through the intermediate stage •stw- with -u suffix -ac whose original function is somewhat uncertain. In Classical syncopated before accentuated syllable. In 1936 (p. 51), Meillet pro Armenian it serves two main functions: (a) it forms action nouns (o posed to derive Arm. oskr "bone" from •ostwer implying that the stems) deverbatively, cf. ararac "creation, creature" from ai-nem "I sequence •stw yielded •sk in Armenian. Although quite parallel with make, construct," aor. arari, harac "wound" from harkanem "I hit," the change •tw > k •sk (loss of aspiration after aor. hari; (b) it forms a few adjectives (a-stems) denominatively, cf. sJ is far from certain. Actually oskr is the only example that can rea gt

Annual of Armenian linguistics

Similar Annual of Armenian linguistics