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TROPICAL FOREST COMMUNITY ECOLOGY EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page i — #1 EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page ii — #2 TROPICAL FOREST COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Editors Walter P. Carson Universityof Pittsburgh Departmentof BiologicalSciences Pittsburgh,PA USA Stefan A. Schnitzer Universityof Wisconsin–Milwaukee Departmentof BiologicalSciences Milwaukee,WI USA and SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute Apartado0843-03092,Balboa Republicof Panama EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page iii — #3 Thiseditionfirstpublished2008 ©2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishingprogramhasbeen mergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell. Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK. 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Setin9/11ptPhotinabyNewgenImagingSystemsPvt.Ltd,Chennai,India PrintedinSingaporebyHoPrintingPteLtd 1 2008 EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page iv — #4 TomyparentsWalterandAliceCarson:thankyouforyearsof unconditionalloveandsupport,andto mysonChrisCarson:youhavechangedthewayIseetheforest. WalterP.Carson EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page v — #5 EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page vi — #6 Contents Preface x WalterP.CarsonandStefanA.Schnitzer Foreword xi S.JosephWright Listof Contributors xiii SECTION1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Scopeof theBookandKeyContributions 3 StefanA.SchnitzerandWalterP.Carson SECTION2 LARGE-SCALEPATTERNSINTROPICALCOMMUNITIES 9 2 SpatialVariationinTreeSpeciesCompositionAcrossTropicalForests: PatternandProcess 11 JérômeChave 3 TheDisparityinTreeSpeciesRichnessamongTropical,Temperate,and BorealBiomes:TheGeographicAreaandAgeHypothesis 31 PaulV.A.Fine,RichardH.Ree,andRobynJ.Burnham 4 ExplainingGeographicRangeSizebySpeciesAge:ATestUsingNeotropical PiperSpecies 46 JohnR.PaulandStephenJ.Tonsor 5 Patternsof HerbivoryandDefenseinTropicalDryandRainForests 63 RodolfoDirzoandKarinaBoege 6 EcologicalOrganization,Biogeography,andthePhylogeneticStructureof TropicalForestTreeCommunities 79 CampbellO.Webb,CharlesH.Cannon,andStuartJ.Davies 7 LargeTropicalForestDynamicsPlots:TestingExplanationsforthe Maintenanceof SpeciesDiversity 98 JessK.Zimmerman,JillThompson,andNicholasBrokaw SECTION3 TESTINGTHEORIESOFFORESTREGENERATIONAND THEMAINTENANCEOFSPECIESDIVERSITY 119 8 TropicalForestEcology:SterileorVirginforTheoreticians? 121 EgbertG.Leigh,Jr 9 ApproachingEcologicalComplexityfromthePerspectiveof Symmetric NeutralTheory 143 StephenP.Hubbell EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page i — #7 viii Contents 10 FunctionalBasisforResourceNichePartitioningbyTropicalTrees 160 KaoruKitajimaandLourensPoorter 11 Colonization-relatedTrade-offsinTropicalForestsandTheirRoleinthe Maintenanceof PlantSpeciesDiversity 182 HeleneC.Muller-Landau 12 TreefallGapsandtheMaintenanceof PlantSpeciesDiversityinTropical Forests 196 StefanA.Schnitzer,JosephMascaro,andWalterP.Carson 13 ChallengesAssociatedwithTestingandFalsifyingtheJanzen–Connell Hypothesis:AReviewandCritique 210 WalterP.Carson,JillT.Anderson,EgbertG.Leigh,Jr,andStefanA.Schnitzer 14 SeedLimitationandtheCoexistenceof PioneerTreeSpecies 242 JamesW.DallingandRobertJohn 15 EndophyticFungi:HiddenComponentsofTropicalCommunityEcology 254 A.ElizabethArnold SECTION4 ANIMALCOMMUNITYECOLOGYANDTROPHIC INTERACTIONS 273 16 TropicalTritrophicInteractions:NastyHostsandUbiquitousCascades 275 LeeA.Dyer 17 VariationinTreeSeedlingandArbuscularMycorrhizalFungalSpore ResponsestotheExclusionofTerrestrialVertebrates:Implicationsfor HowVertebratesStructureTropicalCommunities 294 TadC.TheimerandCatherineA.Gehring 18 EcosystemDecayinClosedForestFragments 308 JohnTerborghandKennethFeeley 19 ResourceLimitationof InsularAnimals:CausesandConsequences 322 GregoryH.Adler 20 TropicalArborealAnts:LinkingNutritiontoRolesinRainforest Ecosystems 334 DianeW.DavidsonandStevenC.Cook 21 SoilFertilityandArborealMammalBiomassinTropicalForests 349 CarlosA.Peres SECTION5 SECONDARYFORESTSUCCESSION,DYNAMICS,AND INVASION 365 22 ProcessesConstrainingWoodySpeciesSuccessiononAbandoned PasturesintheTropics:OntheRelevanceofTemperateModelsof Succession 367 ChrisJ.PetersonandWalterP.Carson 23 ChanceandDeterminisminTropicalForestSuccession 384 RobinL.Chazdon 24 ExoticPlantInvasionsinTropicalForests:PatternsandHypotheses 409 JulieS.DenslowandSaaraJ.DeWalt EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page viii — #8 Contents ix SECTION6 TROPICALFORESTCONSERVATION 427 25 LinkingInsightsfromEcologicalResearchwithBioprospectingto PromoteConservation,EnhanceResearchCapacity,andProvide EconomicUsesof Biodiversity 429 ThomasA.Kursar,ToddL.Capson,LuisCubilla-Rios,DanielA.Emmen, WilliamGerwick,MahabirP.Gupta,MariaV.Heller,KerryMcPhail, EduardoOrtega-Barría,DoraI.Quiros,LuzI.Romero,PabloN.Solis,and PhyllisD.Coley 26 TropicalRainforestConservation:AGlobalPerspective 442 RichardT.CorlettandRichardB.Primack 27 EnvironmentalPromiseandPerilintheAmazon 458 WilliamF.Laurance 28 Contributionsof EcologiststoTropicalForestConservation 474 FrancisE.PutzandPieterA.Zuidema Index 491 EricaSchwarz CARSON: “carson_c000” — 2008/5/23 — 10:16 — page ix — #9