THE LIVING WORLD Biology is the branch of Science which deals with the study of living things ...

176 Pages·2015·2.86 MB·English

THE LIVING WORLD accumulation of material on their surface
Therefore,growth cannot be taken as a
Biology is the branch of Science which deals defining property of living organisms alone A
with the study of living things. The term dead organism does not grow.
"biology" has originated from the Greek words,
bios (= life) and logos(= study). Aristotle is 2. Reproduction
considered as the Founder of Biology, but the
term "biology" was proprosed by Lamarck. The It is a characteristic of living organisms. In living
term "biology" is often replaced by the term organisms, reproduction means the production
"life science" or "biological science". of new individuals similar to them.
Aristotle is considered as the "Father of A multicellular organism reproduces by 3
Zoology". Theophrastus is considered as the ways —sexual method, asexual method, and
"Father of Botany". He was a student of vegetative method
Aristotle
Fungi multiply and spread easily by producing
What is living ? millions of asexual spores. Hydra and yeast
multiply by budding. Planaria (a flat worm)
There are two types of objects in the world — regenerates the lost part of its body and
living (animate) and non-living (inanimate) becomes a new one Filamentous algae,
protonerna of mosses, and fungi also multiply by
Life is the property that distinguishes living fragmentation.
objects (living things or living beings or living
organisms) from non-living objects. In unicellular organisms like bacteria,
Amoeba,unicellular algae, etc reproduction is
Characteristics of living organisms synonymous with growth. ie, increase in number
of cells. Therefore, in unicellular organisms,
Basic characteristics exhibited by living
there is no distinction in the usage of the terms
organisms are growth, reproduction, ability to
"growth" and "reproduction".
sense environment, metabolism, cellular
organization, and consciousness. Many organisms like mule, sterile worker bees,
infertile human couples, etc do not reproduce
1. Growth
Non-living objects also cannot reproduce and
replicate by themselves. Therefore.
All living organisms have the capacity to grow.
reproduction cannot be taken as a defining
Growth of ar individual organism has 2
property of living organisms.
characteristics.
3. Metabolism
1. Increase in body mass
All living organisms are made of different kinds
2. Increase in number
of chemicals. These chemicals are constantly
being made and changed into some other
A multicellular organism grows by cell
biomolecules. These changes or conversions
division. In plants, growth by cell division
are called chemical reactions or metabolic
occurs throughout their life span.
reactions. Thousands of metabolic reactions
occur simultaneously inside all living organisms.
In animals, the growth by cell division occurs
The sum total of all the chemical reactions
only upto a certain age Thereafter, cell division is
occurring in our body is called metabolism. All
seen in certain tissues to replace the lost cells
unicellular and multicellular organisms (plants,
animals, fungi, micro-organisms) exhibit
Unicellular organism also grows by cell
metabolism. No non-living object exhibits
division, can be observed in invitro cultures.
metabolism.
Increase in body mass is considered as
Metabolic reactions can be performed outside
growth. In living organisms, the growth is from
the body in cell-free systems. An isolated
inside
metabolic reaction outside the body of an
If we take Increase in body mass as a criteria organism is neither living nor -non-living, The
for growth, certain non-living objects such as isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not
mountains, boulders, sand mounds etc also "living things" but are "living reactions". Living
grow. These non-living objects are grown by the
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reactions are defining property of all living interactive systems capable of responding to
organisms without exception. external stimuli. All living organisms (present.
Past and future) are linked to one another by the
4. Cellular organisation sharing of common genetic material to varying
degree
All unicellular or multicellular organisms are
made tip of one or more cells. These cells are Diversity in the living world
similar in internal structure and functions. Earth provides. the physical base for living
Hence. cellular organisation of the body is the beings_ There are millions of varieties of living
defining feature of life forms. organisms (p ants, animals. fungi. and micro-
organisms) in the world around us_ There are
5. Consciousness
also many organisms that we cannot see with
our naked eye around us. They are found in
All living organisms have the ability to sense
varied habitats like mountains, oceans, forests,
their surroundings or environment and respond
lakes, deserts and even hot water springs. It is
to these environmental stimuli which could be
estimated that about 1.7 - 1.8 million species of
physical. chemical or biological.
living organisms have been identified and
studied
All organisms, from prokaryotes to the most
complex eukaryotes, can sense and respond to
All living organisms which live on earth together
environmental cues. Human beings sense the
make up the natural diversity of life in the world
environment through sense organs. Plants
This natural diversity of life on earth is generally
respond to external factors like light,
called biological diversity or biodiversity
temperature, water, pollutants. other organisms,
etc In both plants and animals, photoperiod
Taxonomy
(duration of light) affects the reproduction in
seasonal breeders. The branch of science which deals with
characterisation identification, nomenclature
All organisms have the ability to handle
and classification of organisms is called
chemicals that enter their bodies, and are
taxonomy or systematics. Systematics is as
"aware" of their surroundings.
old as human civilization. The term "taxonomy"
was first introduced by a P. De Candole in 1813.
A human being is the only organism having
Scientists who study and contribute to the
"self-consciousness". ie, "aware of himself'.
classification of organisms we known as
Therefore, consciousness is the defining
taxonomists or systematists.
property of living organisms.
The basis of modem taxonomic studies are
It is more difficult to define the living state of a
external and internal structure, (morphology and
human being at different times. For example, a
anatomy respectively) the structure of the cell
patient lying in coma in hospital is brain death,
(cytology), developmental process (embryology),
and supported by machines (ie, heart and lung
and ecological information (ecology) of
machines). Such a patient nas no self-
organisms.
consciousness. Are such patients who may
never come back to normal life, living or non-
Nomenclature
living? In higher organisms, all living phenomena
are due to underlying interactions. The Method of naming is called nomenclature
properties of tissues arise as a result of Naming of living organisms is one of the
interactions among the constituent cells. These important features of taxonomy. Names may be
properties of tissues are not present in the of two types - local names and scientific
constituent cells. Similarly, the properties of names.
cellular organelles arise as a result of
interactions among the molecular components 1. Local names
that constitute the organelle These properties of
cellular organelles are also not present in the Locally used names are called local names
molecular components of the organelle These (vernacular names or common names).
interactions result in emergent Generally the local names are in local language
or common language.
Properties at a higher level of organisation.
Therefore, the living organisms are self- The common names created confusion because
replicating, evolving, and self-regulating different species may be known by the same
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name and the same species may be known by international Code of Nomenclature for
different local names in different parts of the Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).
world. Therefore, it is necessary to have
common scientific names that is universally Universal rules for naming of organisms
accepted for all organisms for the people of all
The universally accepted rules (guidelines or
languages, throughout the world. This avoids
norms) for nomenclature are the following.
unnecessary confusion and introduces
uniformity.
1. A scientific name generally has two
components (words) in Latin or derived from
2. Scientific names : Names of the organisms
Latin irrespective of their origin.
based on agreed principles and criteria. are
called scientific names
2. First word of a biological name denotes the
genus whereas the second one is for species.
There are three types of scientific
nomenclatures. They are polynomial
3. Names are printed in italics or when hand
nomenclature, binomial nomenclature, and
written are separately underlined to indicate their
trinomial nomenclature
Latin origin.
Binomial nomenclature
4. Generic name starts with a capital letter and
the specific name with a small letter. eg:
It is a method of naming by which an organism
Mangifera indica, for mango tree Homo sapiens
is known by a scientific name having two
Linn for man etc It indicates that this species
components (words). Binomial system of
was first described by Linnaeus.
nomenclature was first introduced by Carolus
Linnaeus in 1758. In a binomial name, the first
5. The name of the author is written in
component (word) is called generic name or
abbreviated form after the species name and it
genus name or generic epithet and the
is printed in Roman. eg: Mangifera indica Linn.,
second component (word) is called specific
Homo sapiens Linn., etc It indicates that this
name or species name or specific epithet.
species was first described by Linnaeus.
Both these components (words) are in Latin and
printed in italics and underlined when typed or
6. Each taxonomic group can have only one
handwritten, The Swedish naturalist formulated
correct name
an acceptable classification, and so he is
regarded as the 'Father of Taxonomy'. He
7.The name should be short, precise and easy
published his scheme of classification in his
to pronounce
book "Species Plantarum" in 1753. The term
"systematic" is derived from the Latinised
Taxonomic categories
Greek word "systemma". This word was used by
Carolus Linnaeus in naming his book "Systema Plants and animals are placed in a series or
Naturae" in 1758. He classified about 5,900 succession of different ranks or categories
species of plants in the Species Plantarum and according to their natural relationship. This
about 4,200 species of animals in the Systema system of arrangement of organisms in which
Naturae categories are placed in order of logical
sequence is called "hierarchial system of
Who can give scientific names?
classification or "hierarchy" in plant kingdom
and animal kingdom. The hierarchy of categories
Anyone can study, describe, identify and give a
(Linnaen hierarchy) consists of a descending
name to an organism provided certain universal
sequence of 7 categories such as kingdom,
rules are followed These rules (codes) are
phylum for animals or division only for
organizations Internationaf Code of Botanical
plants, class, order or cohort, family, genus,
Nomenclature (ICBN) and internationarCode
and species. Each category is called taxon
of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The
(plural taxa). is
codes (rules) are established and improved
upon at International Botanical and Zoological
Species:
Congress held from time to time. The names of
bacteria and viruses are decided by International The lowest taxon or category in the biological
Code of Bacteriology Nomenclature (ICBN) and classification is the species. So, the basic unit
International Code of Viral Nomenclature of taxonomy is species.
(ICVN). Similarly, there is a separate
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A species is "a group of individuals, which are For example, the order Carnivora (lion, tiger,
genetically distinct, reproductively isolated from leopard, cat, dog, etc,) and the order Primata
other such groups and similar in morphological (man, apes, gorilla, gibbon, monkeys, etc) are
characteristics"(except for differences in size, included in the class Mammalia.
colour, and sex).
Phylum or Division:
Let us cosider mangifera indica solanum
tuberosum (potato ) and Panthira leo .In all Classes having same features in common
three names indica tuberosum and leo represent constitute a Phylum.
the specific epithets ,while the first word
For example. Phylum Chordate includes a
Mngefera, Solanum ,Panthera are genera
number of classes such as Pisces (fishes),
.These represent another higher level of
Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves (birds) and Mammalia
Taxon .Human beings belong to the species
The classes such as Dicotyledonae,
sapiens which is grouped in the genus
Morocotyledonae are included in the Division of
homo.This scientific name thus for human
Angiospermae
beings is written as Homo sapien
Kingdom :
Genus:
The highest taxon or category in the biological
A genus is a group of related species. All the
classification is the Kingdom. It includes one or
species in a genus have many common
more related divisions or phyla Plants are put in
characteristics and all have evolved from a
Kingdom Plantae (Plant Kingdom) and animals
common ancestor. For example, the related
are put in the Kingdom Animalia (Animal
species such as lion (Panthera leo) leopard
Kingdom).
(Panthera pardus) and tiger (Panthera tigris)
with many common features belong to the genus
Taxonomic Aids
Panthera. Another example Potato and Brinjal
are two differebt species both belong to genus
Taxonomic work involves studies both in field
solanum
and in laboratory.
Family
Taxonomic studies of various species of plants
animals and other organisms are useful in
Family has a group of related genera .Families
agriculture, forestry ,industry and in general in
are charecterised on the basis of vegetative
knowing our bio resorces and their diversing
and reproductive features
Taxonomists have developed different types of
Eg: The genus Solanum, Petunia, and Datura
taxonomic aids to help in identification,
are placed in the family solanaceae . Genus
nomenclature and classification of organisms.
Panthera comprising Lion ,Tiger .Leopard are
The important taxonomic aids are Herbaria,
put along the genus Felis (Cats ) in the family
Botanical gardens, Museum, Zoological
of Felidae .The features of a cat and a dog you
parks, and key. Taxonomy keys and tools that
will find similarities and some differences
help in identification based on characteristics
also .They are seperate into two different
families Felidae and Canidae respectively.
Herbarium
Order or Cohort :
A Herbarium is defined as "store house of
collected plant specimens which have been
An order is a category of related families. For
dried, pressed, preserved mounted on
example, families like Felidae (lion, tiger,
herbarium sheets and arranged in the sequence
leopard, cat, etc) and Canidae(dogs and foxes)
of a universally accepted system of
are placed under the order Carnivora. The
classification" It is a permanent and ready record
families like Convolvulaceae ,Solanaceae
of plant specimens. The preparation of
included in the order Polymoniales mainly based
herbarium is called herbarium technique. It
on the Floral characterers
involves the following steps.
Class :
1. Collection of specimens
It includes related orders
2. Pressing and drying of specimens
3. Mounting of specimens
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4. Labelling of specimens The largest zoo in the world is the Zoological
Park of Kruger in South Africa.
5. Storing of specimens
The largest zoo in India is the Zoo of Kolkata
The herberium sheet carries a label providind (Calcutta).
information about date and place of collection
,local and botanical names family of the plants Keys
collectors name etc .Herberium setves as quick
referal system in taxonmic studies A key is a tool (device) by which each species
in a group of organisms may be identified. It is
Botanical Garden prepared by a taxonomist to help other biologists
to identify the species. Taxonomic keys are
It involves collection of lining plants for reference based on contrasting characters. The characters
.Each plants is labelled indicating its botanical or are in a pair called couplet. Each statement in a
scientific name and its family key is called lead.Separate taxonomic keys are
required for each taxonomic category like family,
Famous Botanical garden at Kew in England
genus, and species for their identification.
(Royal Btanical Garden )
Other taxonomic aids
Indian Botanical Garden at Howrah in West
Bengal Besides the above mentioned taxonomic aids,
flora, manuals, monographs, and catalogues
National botanical research Institute at
also serve as taxonomic aids for correct
Lucknow in India (U P)
identification.
Plants species in these botanical garden are
Flora
grown for identification purposes
These contain the actual account of habitat and
Museums
distribution of plant species of a given area .It
provides the index to plants occurring in a
Museum is a collection of preserved plants and
particulars area.Hocker compiled first complete
animals for study and reference. The museum
flora of India.
is prepared to preserve plants like algae, fungi,
mosses, ferns, and parts of gymnosperms
Manuals
since they cannot be kept in the herbaria.
Animals are also preserved museums. The These provide an information for identification of
specimens are fixed in the jars or containers names of species occurring in an area.
in chemical solutions (preservatives) and are
preserved for longer duration. The specimens Monographs
are correctly identified and labelled.
These are hands books which provide the
Plant and animal specimens are also preserved available information of any one taxon (family or
as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in genus)
insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.
Birds and mammals are stuffed and Catalogues
preserved. Animal skeletons are also kept in
These provide the list of publications. The
museums.
publications publish the books, periodicals, and
Zoological parks dictionaries which provide new information's for
taxonomic studies
These are places where live wild animals are
maintained and allowed to breed. In these
animals are provided with conditions close as
possible to the natural habitats. People,
especially the children, visiting a zoological
park (commonly called zoo). enjoy the visit by
seeing a variety of animals. The scientific
purpose of the zoo is to breed the animals which
are otherwise facing a threat in there natural
ENTRANCE ORIENTED QUESTIONS
habitat.
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01. Species plantarum of Linnaeus described [b] Taxonomy & Evolution
[a] 4200 animals [b] 5900 plants [c] Ornithology & Systematic
[c] 4200 plants [d] 5900 Animals [d] Systematic with history & Philosophy of
biology [e] All of these
02. Who defined species?
08. Defining property of living organism is (are)
[a] Flora [b] Mannulus i) Reproduction
[c] Mono graphs [d] Catalogues ii)Growth from in side
iii) Cellular organization of body
03. An Information on any one taxon is
iv)Consciousness
[a] Flora [b] Mannuls
[a] iii & iv [b] I & iv
[c] Monographs [d] Catalogues
[c] I, & iv [d] All except I
04. Which is correct ?
[e] All
[a] The taxonomic keys are based on the
contrasting characters generally in a pair called 09. Photoperiod can affect reproduction in
couplet
[a] All plants [b] All animals
[b] Botanical gardens are the collections of p-
eserved plant specimens for study and [c]Continuous breeders in plants & animals
reference
[d] Seasonal breeders in plants & animals
[c] Closely related species are the family
[e] Seasonal breeders in plants only
[d] Classes is a taxon and Mammalia is a
taxonomic category 10. The asexual reproduction mode in
protonema of moss is
a. [a] a & d [b] a, b& c
[a] Budding [b] Regeneration
[c] a & c [d] a only
[c] Fragmentation [d] Both B & c
05. Tie term systematics derived from
[e] All of these
[a] Species plantarum [b] Genera Plantarum
11. Basic process (es) in taxonomy
[c] Systema Naturae [c ] Historia Plantarum
i) Identification ii) Characte-ization
06. Match the following
iii] Classification iv) Nomenclature
[a] Taxonamy [1] Calcutta
[a] I & iii [b] I, iii & iv [c] ii & iv
[b] Class [2] kew
[d] only iii [e] All
[c] Botanical garden [3] john Ray
12. Polymoniales is a
[d] CNH [4] Systematics
[a] Species [b] family
[a] a-3.b-4,c-2,d-1 [b] a-4,b-3,c-1,d-2
[c] Order [d] Class
[c] a-4,b-3,c-2,d-1 [d] a-1,b-3,c-2,d-4
[e] Genus
07. The branches of Biology which are spanded
(connected) by Ernst Mayr is (are) 13. True statements among the following
Animals
[a] Evolution & Zoogeography
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i) As we go higher from species to kingdom the [e] All of the above
number of common characteristics goes on
increasing 19. Which of the following easily multiply by
fragmentation
ii) Lower the taxa more are the characteristics
that the members within the taxon share. [a] Moss capsule Chalamydomonas
iii) Higher the category lesser is the difficulty of [b] Chalamydomonas
determining the relationship to other taxa the
[c] Filamentous algae [d] Euglenoids
same level
20. Select true or false
[a] i & ii [b] ii & iii
(i) Isolated metabolic reaction invitro are not
[c] i only [d] ii only
living thins but living reactions
[e] all
(ii) Biological names are generally in Roman and
14. Family of Triticum aestivum written in italics
[a] Solanaceae [b] Fabaceae (iii) Systematics takes into account evolutionary
relationship between organisms.
[c] Poaceae [d] Lilliaceae
(iv) Each genes may have one or more specific
[e] Papilionaceae epithets representing different organisms, but
having anatomical similarities
15. Herbarium sheets are arranged according to
(v) Families are characterized only on the basis
[a] Two kingdom classification of reproductive features
[b] Five kingdom classification [a] T, F, T, T,F [b] T, T, F, F, F
[c] Linnaeus classification [c] F,T, T,F,T [d] T. F. T, F,F
[d] Bentham & Hooker's classification 21. Which of these are identified on the basis of
aggregate of characters?
[e] None of these
[a] Family and higher categories
16. Information on any one taxon is given in
[b] Order and higher categories
[a] Manuals [b] Flora
[c] Class and higher categories
[c] Monograph [d] Catalogues
[d] Order and lower categories
[c] Systema Naturae [d] Historia Plantarum
22. Choose the wrong answer
17. Who made the origin of species diversity
central question of evolutionary biology? [a] Lower the taxa more are the characteristics
that the member share
[a] Charles Darwin [b] Ernst mayr
[b] Classification is the process by which
[c] John Ray [d] Alfred Wallace
anything is grouped based on observable
characters
18. Select the true one
[c] Class mammalia has only order primate and
[a] Increase in mass is characteristic of growth
carnivora
[b] Increase in length in characteristic of growth
[d] Herbarium serves as quick referral system in
taxonomical studies
[c] Increase in number in characteristic of
growth
23. Which of the following in separate for each
taxonomical category?
[d] Both A and C
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[a] Manuals [b] Monographs c] i-B ii-A iii-c [d] i-C ii-B iii-A
[c] Keys [d] Catalogues [e] None of the above
24. A)............. , B) ....................... are included 28. Mango is scientifically named as
in the order,Polynomials based on
C) ......................... [a] Magnifera indica Linn
(a) a) Convolvulaceae b) Solanaceae [b] Magnifera indica Linn
c)Floral characteristic [c) Magnifere indica Linn.
[d] Magnifera India
(b) a) Asclipidaceae b) Solanaceae
29. Families are charecterised on the basis of
c) Floral characteristic
[a] Vegitative feutures of plant species
(c) a) Anacardiaceae b)Convolvulaceae
[b] Reproductive feauters of plant species
c) Genetic characteristic
[c] 'a' an 'b' [d] Neither 'a' nor 'b'
(d) a) Convolvulaceae b) Malvaceae
30. Convolvulacae and solmanaceae are
included in the order polymoniales based on
c) Plant characters
[a] Floral charecterstics
25. Sapindales in the a) .............. of b) .............
[b] Negative propagation
(a) a) Class b) Housefly
[c] Evolutionary relationship
(b) a) Mango b) Order
[d] Ecologicalrelationship
(c) a) Mango b) Family
31, As we move from kingdom to species.
(d) a) Family b) Wheat
s:mtiarmes
26. Genus consists of species of
[a] increases [b] decreases
[a] Floral similarity [b] Anatomical
[c] Increases or decreases
similarity
[d] Neither increases nor decreases
(c) Functional similarity [d] Morphological
similarity
27. Match the following
32. Select correct matching pair
[i] Growth [a] Defining features of
Column -I Column-II
living organisms
a] Homo sapines Non primates
[ii] Consxcisness [b] Charecteristics of
[b] Musca domestica Crustaceans
living organisms
[iii] cellular organism of [c] Defining property of
[c] Triticum aestivum Poaceae
body living organisms
[d] Magnifera indica Monocotyledons

a] i-C ii-A iii-B b] i-B ii-C iii –A
33.Gibbon belongs to the order
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[a] Carnivora [b] Primata iv. Botanical garden d. identification of
plants & animals
[c] Non primata [d] Mammalia
based on similarities &
dissimilarities
[34]. Match the following
v. Herbarium e. Learn about food
Column –I Column –II habits of wild animals
[1] Leopard [a] Solanum riigrum
[ii] Brinjal [b] Felis domestica
[iii] Cat [c] Panthera leo
[iv) Lion [d]Solanum
[a] (i) d (ii) a (iii) e (iv) c
melongena (v) b
[a] i-C ii-D iii-B iv-E v-A [b] i-C ii-D iii-E iv- C v-A
[b] (i) a (ii) b (iii) e (iv) b
[c] i-C ii-A iii-B iv-D v-E [d] i-E ii-D iii-B iv-C v-A (v) c
[e] i-E ii-A iii-B iv-D v-C [c] (i) d (ii) a (iii) e (iv) b
(v) c
35. Petunia and Datura belongs to the family
[d] (i) d (ii) a (iii) c (iv) e
[a] Solanceae [b] Poacea (v) b
[c] Anacardiaceeae [d) Convolvulaceae 39. Consider the following statements & choose
the right among them
[e] Asteraceal
i. Mannuals provide index to plant species
36. Select correct order
found in a particular area
[a] Class → order → Family
ii.Taxonomic groups are more morphological
aggregates rather than distinct biological entities
[b] Order→ Class→ Family
iii. Flora contains actual account of habitat &
[c] Family→ Class →Order
distribution of plants of a given area
[d] Order→ Family→ Class
iv. NBGRI is at howrah, India
37. What when added to taxonomy forms the
V. Category denotes a rank & also that groups
branch of study known as systematic?
represent category
[a) Development process
[a] I, II only [b] IV, V only
[b] External & internal structure
[c] II, Ill only [d] Ill, V only
[c] Evolutionary relationship
40. Select the defining features of the life forms
among the following
[d] Ecological information of organism
(i) Consiousness (ii) Reproduction
(iii) Metabolism (iv) Growth
38. Match the following
(v) Cellular organization
Column I Column II
i. Key a. Preserved plants &
[a] I, iii only [b]iv ,v only
animal specimen for
study & reference [c] iii ,iv only [d] iii , v only
ii. Museum b. Quick referral
41. When the organism is described correctly
system in taxonomical
and we know to what organism the name is
studies
attached to. This is known as
iii Zoological park c. Identification
purpose
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[a] Nomenclature [b] Identification [e] The first component in a biological name
[c] Characterisation [d]Classification denotes the specific epithet
42. Order of wheat, Geneus of Housfly, geneus 47. Systems Naturae was written by:
of wheat, Order of housefly are respectively
[a] Ernst Mayr [b] Carolus Linnaeus
[a] Triticum, Diptera, Poales, Musca
[c] R. H Whittaker [d] M.W Bejernick
[b] Poales, Diptera, Triticum, Musca
48. Inter - breeding animals belong to the same
[c] Poales, Musca, Triticum, Diptera
[a] Genus [b] Family [c] Species
[d] Triticum, IVIusoa, Poales, Diptera [d] Order
43. The scientist who earned the tittle 49. Select the wrong statements;
"Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology
Emerites' was [a] Lower the taxon, more are the characteristics
that the members within the taxon share
[a] G.N Rarnachriadran [b] Watson crick
[b] Order is the assemblage of genera which
[c] Ernst Mayer [d] Alfonsa Corti exhibit a few similar characters.
44,.Which one of the following aspects is [c] Cat and dog are included in the same family
exclusive characteristic of living things? Felidae.
[a] Increase in mass from in only [d] Binomial nomenclature was introduced by
Carolus Linnaeus.
[b] Perception of events happening in the
environment and their memory [a] a, b and c only [b) b, c and d only
[c] Increase in mass by accumulation of material [c] a and d only [d] c and d only [e] b and c only
both on surface as well as internally
50. Match the following and choose the correct
[d] Isolated the metabolic reactions occur in vitro combination from the options given:
45. Which one of the following animals is Column i common Column ii Taxnomic
correctly matched with its particular named
name category order
taxonomic category?
[a] Wheat [1] Primate
[b] Mango [2] Diptera
[a] Cuttle fish — rvlollusca, a class
[c] Housefly [3] Sapindals
[d] Man [4] Poales
[b] Humans — Primata, the family

[c] Housefly — Musca, an order
[a] a-1 b-2 c-4 d-3 [b] a-4 b-3 c-2 d-1
[d] Tiger — tigris, the species
[c] a-4 b-3 c-2 d-1 [d] a-4 b-2 c-3 d-1
46. Which of the following statements regarding
51. Which of the following hierarchial order is not
universal ruses of nomenclature is wrong?
in a correct?
[a] The first word in a biological name
[a] Class, family, genus [b] Phylum, order, family
represents the genus
[c] Class, Order, Family [d] Family, order. class
[b] The first word denoting the genus starts with
a capital letter.
[c] Both the words in biological name, when
handwritten, are separately underlined
[d] Bioilogical names are generally in Greek and
written in italics.
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