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P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 THE INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 3 P–Z Hossein Bidgoli Editor-in-Chief California State University Bakersfield, California i P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 iv P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 THE INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 3 P–Z Hossein Bidgoli Editor-in-Chief California State University Bakersfield, California i P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.(cid:2)∞ Copyright(cid:2)C 2004byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008,e-mail:[email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or war- ranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesor writtensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Thepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices,and youshouldconsultaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthor shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but notlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStates at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information aboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.Wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: TheInternetencyclopedia/editedbyHosseinBidgoli. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-471-22202-X(CLOTHVOL1:alk.paper)–ISBN0-471-22204-6 (CLOTHVOL2:alk.paper)–ISBN0-471-22203-8(CLOTHVOL3:alk. paper)–ISBN0-471-22201-1(CLOTHSET:alk.paper) 1.Internet–Encyclopedias. I.Bidgoli,Hossein. TK5105.875.I57I5466 2003 004.67(cid:3)8(cid:3)03–dc21 2002155552 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ii P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 Tosomanyfinememoriesofmybrother,Mohsen,forhis uncompromisingbeliefinthepowerofeducation. iii P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 iv P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 AAbboouutt tthhee EEddiittoorr--iinn--CChhiieeff Hossein Bidgoli, Ph.D., is Professor of Management information systems, which have been published and Information Systems at California State University. Dr. presented throughout the world. Dr. Bidgoli also serves Bidgoli helped set up the first PC lab in the United as the editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia of Information States.Heistheauthorof43textbooks,27manuals,and Systems. overfourdozentechnicalarticlesandpapersonvarious Dr.BidgoliwasselectedastheCaliforniaStateUniver- aspects of computer applications, e-commerce, and sity,Bakersfield’s2001–2002ProfessoroftheYear. v P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 vi P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 EEddiittoorriiaall BBooaarrdd EricT.Bradlow EphraimR.McLean TheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityof GeorgiaStateUniversity,Atlanta Pennsylvania DavidE.Monarchi KaiCheng UniversityofColorado,Boulder LeedsMetropolitanUniversity, UnitedKingdom RaymondR.Panko UniversityofHawaiiatManoa MaryJ.Cronin BostonCollege NormanM.Sadeh CarnegieMellonUniversity JamesE.Goldman JudithC.Simon PurdueUniversity TheUniversityofMemphis MarilynGreenstein VasjaVehovar ArizonaStateUniversityWest UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia VarunGrover RussellS.Winer UniversityofSouthCarolina NewYorkUniversity vii

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The Internet Encyclopedia PDF

979 Pages·2004·17.32 MB·English
by  Hossein Bidgoli
#Technology #Internet
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P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 THE INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 3 P–Z Hossein Bidgoli Editor-in-Chief California State University Bakersfield, California i P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 iv P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 THE INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 3 P–Z Hossein Bidgoli Editor-in-Chief California State University Bakersfield, California i P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.(cid:2)∞ Copyright(cid:2)C 2004byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008,e-mail:[email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or war- ranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesor writtensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Thepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices,and youshouldconsultaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthor shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but notlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStates at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information aboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.Wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: TheInternetencyclopedia/editedbyHosseinBidgoli. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-471-22202-X(CLOTHVOL1:alk.paper)–ISBN0-471-22204-6 (CLOTHVOL2:alk.paper)–ISBN0-471-22203-8(CLOTHVOL3:alk. paper)–ISBN0-471-22201-1(CLOTHSET:alk.paper) 1.Internet–Encyclopedias. I.Bidgoli,Hossein. TK5105.875.I57I5466 2003 004.67(cid:3)8(cid:3)03–dc21 2002155552 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ii P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 Tosomanyfinememoriesofmybrother,Mohsen,forhis uncompromisingbeliefinthepowerofeducation. iii P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 iv P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 AAbboouutt tthhee EEddiittoorr--iinn--CChhiieeff Hossein Bidgoli, Ph.D., is Professor of Management information systems, which have been published and Information Systems at California State University. Dr. presented throughout the world. Dr. Bidgoli also serves Bidgoli helped set up the first PC lab in the United as the editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia of Information States.Heistheauthorof43textbooks,27manuals,and Systems. overfourdozentechnicalarticlesandpapersonvarious Dr.BidgoliwasselectedastheCaliforniaStateUniver- aspects of computer applications, e-commerce, and sity,Bakersfield’s2001–2002ProfessoroftheYear. v P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 vi P1:GDZ/SPH P2:GDZ/SPH QC:GDZ/SPH T1:GDZ WL040-FM-Vol.III WL040/Bidgoli-VolIII October3,2003 17:47 CharCount=0 EEddiittoorriiaall BBooaarrdd EricT.Bradlow EphraimR.McLean TheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityof GeorgiaStateUniversity,Atlanta Pennsylvania DavidE.Monarchi KaiCheng UniversityofColorado,Boulder LeedsMetropolitanUniversity, UnitedKingdom RaymondR.Panko UniversityofHawaiiatManoa MaryJ.Cronin BostonCollege NormanM.Sadeh CarnegieMellonUniversity JamesE.Goldman JudithC.Simon PurdueUniversity TheUniversityofMemphis MarilynGreenstein VasjaVehovar ArizonaStateUniversityWest UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia VarunGrover RussellS.Winer UniversityofSouthCarolina NewYorkUniversity vii

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