Table Of Content

Principles of Food Sanitation Fifth Edition Principles of Food Sanitation Fifth Edition Norman G. Marriott, PhD Extension Food Scientist and Professor Emeritus Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia, USA and Robert B. Gravani Professor of Food Science Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA Norman G.Marriott,PhD Robert B.Gravani Department of Food Science and Technology Department of Food Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Cornell University Blacksburg,Virginia,USA Ithaca,New York,USA [email protected] [email protected] Library ofCongress Control Number:2005923527 ISBN-10:0-387-25025-5 eISBN:0-387-25085-9 ISBN-13: 978-0387-25025-0 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media,Inc. All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media,Inc.,233 Spring Street,New York,New York,10013,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis.Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter devel- oped is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names,trademarks,service marks and similar terms,even if they are not identified as such,is not to be taken as an expression ofopinion as to whether or not they are subject to property rights. Printed in the United States ofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springeronline.com To Dori Marriott, my wife, who has served as an inspiration during the revision of this book and provided extensive and much-cherished daily love. Table of Contents Preface....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Sanitation and the Food Industry............................................................. 1 The food industry................................................................................... 1 What is sanitation?.................................................................................. 3 Why sanitation?....................................................................................... 3 Sanitation laws and regulations and guidelines....................................... 9 Establishment of sanitary practices......................................................... 13 Summary................................................................................................. 14 Study questions....................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 The Relationship of Biosecurity to Sanitation.......................................... 16 Potential risks of foodborne bioterrorism............................................... 17 Bioterrorism protection measures........................................................... 17 The role of pest management in biosecurity........................................... 22 Additional bioterrorism information....................................................... 22 Summary................................................................................................. 23 Study questions....................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 The Relationship of Microorganisms to Sanitation................................... 25 How microorganisms relate to food sanitation........................................ 25 What causes microorganisms to grow..................................................... 30 Effects of microorganisms on spoilage.................................................... 34 Effects of microorganisms on foodborne illness...................................... 35 Foodborne illnesses................................................................................. 36 Microbial destruction.............................................................................. 53 Microbial growth control........................................................................ 55 Microbial load determination................................................................. 55 Diagnostic tests....................................................................................... 62 Summary................................................................................................. 67 Study questions....................................................................................... 67 vii viii PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SANITATION Chapter 4 The Relationship of Allergens to Sanitation............................................. 70 What are allergens?................................................................................. 71 Allergen control...................................................................................... 71 Summary................................................................................................. 75 Study questions....................................................................................... 75 Chapter 5 Food Contamination Sources................................................................... 76 Transfer of contamination...................................................................... 77 Contamination of foods.......................................................................... 77 Other contamination sources.................................................................. 80 Protection against contamination........................................................... 81 Summary................................................................................................. 82 Study questions....................................................................................... 82 Chapter 6 Personal Hygiene and Sanitary Food Handling........................................ 83 Personal hygiene...................................................................................... 83 Sanitary food handling............................................................................ 96 Summary................................................................................................. 97 Study questions....................................................................................... 98 Chapter 7 The Role of HACCP in Sanitation........................................................... 99 What is HACCP?.................................................................................... 99 HACCP development.............................................................................. 101 Interface with GMPs and SSOPs............................................................ 106 HACCP principles.................................................................................. 106 Organization,implementation,and maintenance...................................... 111 Summary................................................................................................. 114 Study questions....................................................................................... 114 Chapter 8 Quality Assurance for Sanitation............................................................. 116 The role of total quality management..................................................... 117 Quality assurence for effective sanitation................................................ 117 Organization for quality assurance......................................................... 119 Establishment of a quality assurance program........................................ 125 Summary................................................................................................. 139 Study questions....................................................................................... 140 Chapter 9 Cleaning Compounds............................................................................... 141 Soil characteristics.................................................................................. 141 Effects of surface characteristics on soil deposition................................ 143 Soil attachment characteristics................................................................ 144 Cleaning compound characteristics......................................................... 146 Classification of cleaning compounds..................................................... 148 Cleaning auxiliaries................................................................................. 154 Scouring compounds............................................................................... 156 Cleaning compound selection................................................................. 156 Table of Contents ix Handling and storage precautions......................................................... 157 Summary............................................................................................... 163 Study questions..................................................................................... 163 Chapter 10 Sanitizers............................................................................................... 165 Sanitizing methods................................................................................ 165 Summary............................................................................................... 188 Study questions..................................................................................... 188 Chapter 11 Sanitation Equipment............................................................................. 190 Sanitation costs..................................................................................... 190 Equipment selection.............................................................................. 191 Cleaning equipment.............................................................................. 193 Sanitizing equipment............................................................................. 210 Lubrication equipment.......................................................................... 211 Summary............................................................................................... 211 Study questions..................................................................................... 212 Chapter 12 Waste Product Handling........................................................................ 213 Strategy for waste disposal.................................................................... 214 Planning the survey............................................................................... 214 Solid waste disposal.............................................................................. 218 Liquid waste disposal............................................................................ 218 Summary............................................................................................... 233 Study questions..................................................................................... 233 Chapter 13 Pest Control........................................................................................... 235 Insect infestation................................................................................... 235 Cockroaches.......................................................................................... 235 Insect destruction.................................................................................. 240 Rodents................................................................................................. 245 Birds...................................................................................................... 249 Use of pesticides................................................................................... 250 Integrated pest management................................................................. 252 Summary............................................................................................... 255 Study questions..................................................................................... 255 Chapter 14 Sanitary Design and Construction for Food Processing.......................... 257 Site selection.......................................................................................... 257 Site preparation..................................................................................... 258 Building construction considerations.................................................... 258 Processing and design considerations.................................................... 260 Pest control design................................................................................ 265 Construction materials.......................................................................... 266 Summary............................................................................................... 266 Study questions..................................................................................... 266 x PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SANITATION Chapter 15 Low-Moisture Food Manufacturing and Storage Sanitation................... 268 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 268 Receipt and storage of raw materials.................................................... 272 Cleaning of low-moisture food manufacturing plants........................... 280 Summary............................................................................................... 281 Study questions..................................................................................... 281 Chapter 16 Dairy Processing Plant Sanitation......................................................... 283 Role of pathogens................................................................................. 284 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 286 Soil characteristics in dairy plants......................................................... 287 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 288 Cleaning equipment.............................................................................. 291 Summary............................................................................................... 296 Study questions..................................................................................... 296 Chapter 17 Meat and Poultry Plant Sanitation........................................................ 298 Role of sanitation.................................................................................. 298 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 306 Cleaning compounds for meat and poultry plants................................ 308 Sanitizers for meat and poultry plants.................................................. 309 Sanitation practices............................................................................... 312 Sanitation procedures............................................................................ 314 Troubleshooting tips.............................................................................. 324 Summary............................................................................................... 325 Study questions..................................................................................... 325 Chapter 18 Seafood Plant Sanitation....................................................................... 327 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 327 Contamination sources.......................................................................... 329 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 330 Recovery of by-products....................................................................... 334 Summary............................................................................................... 334 Study questions..................................................................................... 334 Chapter 19 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Plant Sanitation.................................... 336 Contamination sources.......................................................................... 336 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 338 Cleaning considerations........................................................................ 340 Cleaning of processing plants............................................................... 341 Cleaners and sanitizers.......................................................................... 343 Cleaning procedures.............................................................................. 344 Evaluation of sanitation effectiveness................................................... 346 Summary............................................................................................... 348 Study questions..................................................................................... 348 Table of Contents xi Chapter 20 Beverage Plant Sanitation...................................................................... 350 Mycology of beverage manufacture...................................................... 350 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 350 Nonalcoholic beverage plant sanitation................................................ 352 Brewery sanitation................................................................................. 355 Winery sanitation.................................................................................. 361 Distillery sanitation............................................................................... 367 Summary............................................................................................... 369 Study questions..................................................................................... 369 Chapter 21 Foodservice Sanitation........................................................................... 371 Sanitary design...................................................................................... 371 Contamination reduction...................................................................... 374 Sanitary procedures for food preparation.............................................. 376 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 376 Foodservice sanitation requirements..................................................... 389 Summary............................................................................................... 391 Study questions..................................................................................... 391 Chapter 22 Management and Sanitation.................................................................. 392 Management requirements.................................................................... 392 Employee selection................................................................................ 394 Management of a sanitation operation................................................. 396 Total quality management..................................................................... 400 Summary............................................................................................... 401 Study questions..................................................................................... 401 Index.......................................................................................................................... 406

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Principles of Food Sanitation Fifth Edition Principles of Food Sanitation Fifth Edition Norman G. Marriott, PhD Extension Food Scientist and Professor Emeritus Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia, USA and Robert B. Gravani Professor of Food Science Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA Norman G.Marriott,PhD Robert B.Gravani Department of Food Science and Technology Department of Food Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Cornell University Blacksburg,Virginia,USA Ithaca,New York,USA [email protected] [email protected] Library ofCongress Control Number:2005923527 ISBN-10:0-387-25025-5 eISBN:0-387-25085-9 ISBN-13: 978-0387-25025-0 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media,Inc. All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media,Inc.,233 Spring Street,New York,New York,10013,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis.Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter devel- oped is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names,trademarks,service marks and similar terms,even if they are not identified as such,is not to be taken as an expression ofopinion as to whether or not they are subject to property rights. Printed in the United States ofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springeronline.com To Dori Marriott, my wife, who has served as an inspiration during the revision of this book and provided extensive and much-cherished daily love. Table of Contents Preface....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Sanitation and the Food Industry............................................................. 1 The food industry................................................................................... 1 What is sanitation?.................................................................................. 3 Why sanitation?....................................................................................... 3 Sanitation laws and regulations and guidelines....................................... 9 Establishment of sanitary practices......................................................... 13 Summary................................................................................................. 14 Study questions....................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 The Relationship of Biosecurity to Sanitation.......................................... 16 Potential risks of foodborne bioterrorism............................................... 17 Bioterrorism protection measures........................................................... 17 The role of pest management in biosecurity........................................... 22 Additional bioterrorism information....................................................... 22 Summary................................................................................................. 23 Study questions....................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 The Relationship of Microorganisms to Sanitation................................... 25 How microorganisms relate to food sanitation........................................ 25 What causes microorganisms to grow..................................................... 30 Effects of microorganisms on spoilage.................................................... 34 Effects of microorganisms on foodborne illness...................................... 35 Foodborne illnesses................................................................................. 36 Microbial destruction.............................................................................. 53 Microbial growth control........................................................................ 55 Microbial load determination................................................................. 55 Diagnostic tests....................................................................................... 62 Summary................................................................................................. 67 Study questions....................................................................................... 67 vii viii PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SANITATION Chapter 4 The Relationship of Allergens to Sanitation............................................. 70 What are allergens?................................................................................. 71 Allergen control...................................................................................... 71 Summary................................................................................................. 75 Study questions....................................................................................... 75 Chapter 5 Food Contamination Sources................................................................... 76 Transfer of contamination...................................................................... 77 Contamination of foods.......................................................................... 77 Other contamination sources.................................................................. 80 Protection against contamination........................................................... 81 Summary................................................................................................. 82 Study questions....................................................................................... 82 Chapter 6 Personal Hygiene and Sanitary Food Handling........................................ 83 Personal hygiene...................................................................................... 83 Sanitary food handling............................................................................ 96 Summary................................................................................................. 97 Study questions....................................................................................... 98 Chapter 7 The Role of HACCP in Sanitation........................................................... 99 What is HACCP?.................................................................................... 99 HACCP development.............................................................................. 101 Interface with GMPs and SSOPs............................................................ 106 HACCP principles.................................................................................. 106 Organization,implementation,and maintenance...................................... 111 Summary................................................................................................. 114 Study questions....................................................................................... 114 Chapter 8 Quality Assurance for Sanitation............................................................. 116 The role of total quality management..................................................... 117 Quality assurence for effective sanitation................................................ 117 Organization for quality assurance......................................................... 119 Establishment of a quality assurance program........................................ 125 Summary................................................................................................. 139 Study questions....................................................................................... 140 Chapter 9 Cleaning Compounds............................................................................... 141 Soil characteristics.................................................................................. 141 Effects of surface characteristics on soil deposition................................ 143 Soil attachment characteristics................................................................ 144 Cleaning compound characteristics......................................................... 146 Classification of cleaning compounds..................................................... 148 Cleaning auxiliaries................................................................................. 154 Scouring compounds............................................................................... 156 Cleaning compound selection................................................................. 156 Table of Contents ix Handling and storage precautions......................................................... 157 Summary............................................................................................... 163 Study questions..................................................................................... 163 Chapter 10 Sanitizers............................................................................................... 165 Sanitizing methods................................................................................ 165 Summary............................................................................................... 188 Study questions..................................................................................... 188 Chapter 11 Sanitation Equipment............................................................................. 190 Sanitation costs..................................................................................... 190 Equipment selection.............................................................................. 191 Cleaning equipment.............................................................................. 193 Sanitizing equipment............................................................................. 210 Lubrication equipment.......................................................................... 211 Summary............................................................................................... 211 Study questions..................................................................................... 212 Chapter 12 Waste Product Handling........................................................................ 213 Strategy for waste disposal.................................................................... 214 Planning the survey............................................................................... 214 Solid waste disposal.............................................................................. 218 Liquid waste disposal............................................................................ 218 Summary............................................................................................... 233 Study questions..................................................................................... 233 Chapter 13 Pest Control........................................................................................... 235 Insect infestation................................................................................... 235 Cockroaches.......................................................................................... 235 Insect destruction.................................................................................. 240 Rodents................................................................................................. 245 Birds...................................................................................................... 249 Use of pesticides................................................................................... 250 Integrated pest management................................................................. 252 Summary............................................................................................... 255 Study questions..................................................................................... 255 Chapter 14 Sanitary Design and Construction for Food Processing.......................... 257 Site selection.......................................................................................... 257 Site preparation..................................................................................... 258 Building construction considerations.................................................... 258 Processing and design considerations.................................................... 260 Pest control design................................................................................ 265 Construction materials.......................................................................... 266 Summary............................................................................................... 266 Study questions..................................................................................... 266 x PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SANITATION Chapter 15 Low-Moisture Food Manufacturing and Storage Sanitation................... 268 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 268 Receipt and storage of raw materials.................................................... 272 Cleaning of low-moisture food manufacturing plants........................... 280 Summary............................................................................................... 281 Study questions..................................................................................... 281 Chapter 16 Dairy Processing Plant Sanitation......................................................... 283 Role of pathogens................................................................................. 284 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 286 Soil characteristics in dairy plants......................................................... 287 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 288 Cleaning equipment.............................................................................. 291 Summary............................................................................................... 296 Study questions..................................................................................... 296 Chapter 17 Meat and Poultry Plant Sanitation........................................................ 298 Role of sanitation.................................................................................. 298 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 306 Cleaning compounds for meat and poultry plants................................ 308 Sanitizers for meat and poultry plants.................................................. 309 Sanitation practices............................................................................... 312 Sanitation procedures............................................................................ 314 Troubleshooting tips.............................................................................. 324 Summary............................................................................................... 325 Study questions..................................................................................... 325 Chapter 18 Seafood Plant Sanitation....................................................................... 327 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 327 Contamination sources.......................................................................... 329 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 330 Recovery of by-products....................................................................... 334 Summary............................................................................................... 334 Study questions..................................................................................... 334 Chapter 19 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Plant Sanitation.................................... 336 Contamination sources.......................................................................... 336 Sanitary construction considerations.................................................... 338 Cleaning considerations........................................................................ 340 Cleaning of processing plants............................................................... 341 Cleaners and sanitizers.......................................................................... 343 Cleaning procedures.............................................................................. 344 Evaluation of sanitation effectiveness................................................... 346 Summary............................................................................................... 348 Study questions..................................................................................... 348 Table of Contents xi Chapter 20 Beverage Plant Sanitation...................................................................... 350 Mycology of beverage manufacture...................................................... 350 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 350 Nonalcoholic beverage plant sanitation................................................ 352 Brewery sanitation................................................................................. 355 Winery sanitation.................................................................................. 361 Distillery sanitation............................................................................... 367 Summary............................................................................................... 369 Study questions..................................................................................... 369 Chapter 21 Foodservice Sanitation........................................................................... 371 Sanitary design...................................................................................... 371 Contamination reduction...................................................................... 374 Sanitary procedures for food preparation.............................................. 376 Sanitation principles.............................................................................. 376 Foodservice sanitation requirements..................................................... 389 Summary............................................................................................... 391 Study questions..................................................................................... 391 Chapter 22 Management and Sanitation.................................................................. 392 Management requirements.................................................................... 392 Employee selection................................................................................ 394 Management of a sanitation operation................................................. 396 Total quality management..................................................................... 400 Summary............................................................................................... 401 Study questions..................................................................................... 401 Index.......................................................................................................................... 406

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