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MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Thisworkmakesavailableforthefirsttimeinonededicatedvolume PhilipvanderEijk’sselectedpapersonthecloseconnectionsthatex- istedbetweenmedicineandphilosophythroughoutantiquity.Medical authorssuchastheHippocraticwriters,Diocles,Galen,Soranusand CaeliusAurelianuselaboratedonphilosophicalmethodssuchascausal explanation,definitionanddivision,applyingconceptssuchastheno- tionofnaturetotheirunderstandingofthehumanbody.Similarly, philosopherssuchasPlatoandAristotlewerehighlyvaluedfortheir contributionstomedicine.Thisinteractionwasparticularlystriking inthestudyofthehumansoulinrelationtothebody,asillustratedby approachestotopicssuchasintellect,sleepanddreams,anddietand drugs.Withadetailedintroductionsurveyingthesubjectasawhole andanewchapteronAristotle’streatmentofsleepanddreams,this wide-rangingcollectionisessentialreadingforstudentsandscholars ofancientphilosophyandscience. philip j. van der eijk is Professor of Greek at the Uni- versity of Newcastle upon Tyne. He has published widely on an- cient philosophy, medicine and science, comparative literature and patristics.HeistheauthorofAristoteles.Deinsomniis.Dedivinatione persomnum(Berlin:AkademieVerlag,1994)andofDioclesofCarystus. A Collection of the Fragments with Translation and Commentary (2vols.,Leiden:Brill,2000–1).Hehaseditedandco-authoredAncient Histories of Medicine. Essays in Medical Doxography and Historiogra- phyinClassicalAntiquity(Leiden:Brill,1999)andco-editedAncient MedicineinitsSocio-CulturalContext(2vols.,AmsterdamandAtlanta: Rodopi,1995). MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK ProfessorofGreekattheUniversityofNewcastleuponTyne    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521818001 ©PhilipvanderEijk2005 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2005 - ---- eBook (MyiLibrary) - --- eBook (MyiLibrary) - ---- hardback - --- hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof sforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhisbook,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ForArachne Contents Acknowledgements pageix Noteontranslations xiii Noteonabbreviations xiv Introduction 1 i hippocratic corpus and diocles of carystus 1 The‘theology’oftheHippocratictreatiseOntheSacred Disease 45 2 DioclesandtheHippocraticwritingsonthemethodof dieteticsandthelimitsofcausalexplanation 74 3 Tohelp,ortodonoharm.Principlesandpracticesof therapeuticsintheHippocraticCorpusandinthework ofDioclesofCarystus 101 4 Theheart,thebrain,thebloodandthepneuma:Hippocrates, DioclesandAristotleonthelocationofcognitiveprocesses 119 ii aristotle and his school 5 Aristotleonmelancholy 139 6 TheoreticalandempiricalelementsinAristotle’streatmentof sleep,dreamsanddivinationinsleep 169 7 The matter of mind: Aristotle on the biology of ‘psychic’ processesandthebodilyaspectsofthinking 206 vii viii Contents 8 DivinemovementandhumannatureinEudemianEthics8.2 238 9 OnSterility(‘Hist.an.10’),amedicalworkbyAristotle? 259 iii late antiquity 10 Galen’suseoftheconceptof‘qualifiedexperience’inhis dieteticandpharmacologicalworks 279 11 TheMethodismofCaeliusAurelianus:someepistemological issues 299 Bibliography 328 Indexofpassagescited 379 Generalindex 396 Acknowledgements SincetheoriginalpublicationofthesepapersIhavetakentheopportunity tomakesome,mostlyminor,revisionstosomechapters,mainlyonpoints ofstyleandpresentation,inordertoenhanceaccessibility.Thusquotations fromGreekandLatinarenowaccompaniedbyEnglishtranslationsorpara- phrase,andinseveralcaseswordsinGreekscripthavebeentransliterated. I have also in a number of cases taken account of publications that have come out since the paper was first published; there have, however, been no changes to the substance, and all revisions have been clearly marked by square brackets; in some cases I have presented them in the form of a postscriptattheendoftherelevantchapter,soastofacilitatereferenceto theoriginalpublication. Chapter1wasfirstpublishedinApeiron23(1990)87–119,andisreprinted (withslight,mainlystylisticalterations)withthekindpermissionofAca- demicPrintingandPublishing. Chapter2wasfirstpublishedinR.WitternandP.Pellegrin(eds.),Hip- pokratische Medizin und antike Philosophie (Medizin der Antike, Band 1), Hildesheim: Olms, 1996, 229–57, and is reprinted here with the kind permission of Olms Verlag; but the numeration of the Diocles fragments, and the translation of fr. 176 printed here have been modified in accordance with the relevant sections in my Diocles of Carystus, Leiden, 2000,whicharereprintedherewiththekindpermissionofBrillAcademic Publishers. Chapter3isaslightlyexpandedversionofapaperpublishedunderthe title ‘The systematic status of therapy in the Hippocratic Corpus and in theworkofDioclesofCarystus’,inI.Garofalo,D.Lami,D.Manettiand A. Roselli (eds.), Aspetti della terapia nel Corpus Hippocraticum, Florence: Olschki, 1999, 389–404, reprinted with the kind permission of Olschki Editore;anabbreviatedversioninDutchappearedunderthetitle‘Helpen, ofnietschaden.Enkeleuitgangspuntenvantherapeutischhandeleninde klassiekeGrieksegeneeskunde’inHermeneus71(1999)66–71. ix