Medical Bacteriology - The Carter Center

444 Pages·2009·2.21 MB·English

by  Flora Or

LECTURE NOTES

Degree and Diploma Programs
For Environmental Health Students

Medical Bacteriology

Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem

University of Gondar

In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center,
the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education

September 2006
Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00.

Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter
Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education.

Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying
Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this
publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or
faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the
original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a
commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this
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©2006 by Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem

All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission of the author or authors.

This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or
students and faculty in a health care field.
PREFACE

Text book on Medical Bacteriology for Medical Laboratory
Technology students are not available as need, so this lecture note
will alleviate the acute shortage of text books and reference
materials on medical bacteriology.

Since it comprises most of the contents of course outline on medical
bacteriology to nursing, pharmacy and environmental science
students, it can be used as a main learning material to these
category of students.
This lecture note gives emphasis on the knowledge and procedures
of medical bacteriology to common pathogens in our country.

At last but not least, the quality of this lecture note is kept updated
by continous comments made by users of this lecture note.

Abilo Tadesse
Meseret Alem

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge the Carter Center, USA, for financial
support for the preparation of this lecture note.

Our deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dennis Carlson for his
invaluable technical and moral support for the completion of this
work.

We also extend our appreciation to those individuals who reviewed
this lecture note in different teaching institutions for the
materialization of this lecture note.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Preface ………………………………………………………………...i
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………ii
Table of Contents ....................................................................... iii
List of tables .............................................................................. vii
List of figures .............................................................................viii
List of Abbreviation …………………………………………………..xi

CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction to Microbiology ................................... 1
1.2. The Microbial World ............................................... 5
1.3. Structure of bacteria ............................................ 12
1.4. Classification of bacteria ...................................... 23
1.5. Cultivation of bacteria .......................................... 33
1.6. Bacterial nutrition ……………………… ................ 47
1.7. Bacterial growth ................................................... 49
1.8. Bacterial genetics ................................................ 85
1.9. Sterilization and disinfection ................................ 92
1.10. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing ......................... 107

CHAPTER TWO
Collection, transport, and examination of specimen ............... 113

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Gram positive cocci .................................................... 173
3.1.1. Genus Staphylococci ...................................... 173
3.1.2. Genus Streptococci ........................................ 180
3.2 Gram positive spore forming rods ............................. 192
3.2.1. Genus Bacillus …………………… ................... 192
3.2.2. Genus Clostridium ....................................... 197
3.2.3. Gram positive Non-spore forming rods ........ 205
3.3.1. Genus Corynebacteria ..................................... 205
3.3.2. Genus Listeria .................................................. 210
3.3.3. Genus Erysipelothrix ........................................ 212
3.4 Gram negative diplococci ................................................ 213
3.4.1 Genus Neisseria ......................................... 213
3.5 Gram negative coccobacilli .............................................. 221
3.5.1 Genus Haemophilus ....................................... 221
3.5.2 Genus Bordetella ............................................. 224
3.5.3 Genus Brucella ................................................ 227
3.5.4 Genus Francissella .......................................... 229
3.5.5 Genus Pasteurella ........................................... 230
3.6 Gram negative rods ........................................................... 231
3.6.1 Genus Escherichia ................................................ 233
3.6.2. Genus Klebsiella ................................................... 235
3.6.3. Genus Enterobacter ............................................. 236
3.6.4. Genus Citrobacter ................................................ 237
3.6.5. Genus Salmonella ................................................ 237
3.6.6. Genus Shigella ..................................................... 242
3.6.7. Genus Proteus ...................................................... 244
3.6.8. Genus Yersinia ..................................................... 245
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3.6.9. Genus Peudomonas ............................................. 249
3.6.10 Genus Vibrios ...................................................... 252
3.6.11 Genus Campylobacter ....................................... 254
3.6.12 Genus Helicobacter ........................................... 256
3.7. Genus Mycobacteria ........................................................ 263
3.8. Spirochetes ...................................................................... 273
3.8.1.Genus Treponema ..................................................... 273
3.8.2 Genus Borellia ........................................................... 279
3.8.3 Genus Leptospira ....................................................... 281
3.9 Genus Rickettsia ............................................................... 282
3.10. Genus Mycoplasma ........................................................ 286
3.11. Genus Chlamydia ........................................................... 288

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Host-parasite relationship ............................................ 294
4.2. Normal microbial flora ................................................. 300
4.3. Infection of skin and wound ......................................... 304
4.4. Infection of respiratory tract ......................................... 307
4.5. Infection of gastrointestinal tract .................................. 313
4.6. Infection of urinary tract ............................................... 318
4.7. Infection of genital tract ............................................... 321
4.8. Infection of blood ......................................................... 325
4.9. Infection of central nervous system ............................ 327
4.10 Infection of bone and joint ........................................... 331

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1. Bacteriology of water ........................................................ 335

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CHAPTER SIX
Food Bacteriology ................................................................... 341
Annexes .................................................................................... 375
Glossary .................................................................................. 429
References .............................................................................. 433

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LIST OF TABLES

Table1.1 The distinguishing features between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cell .......................................................... 11
Table 1.2 Comparison between flagella and pili ....................... 22
Table 2.1 Differentiation of staphylococcal species ................ 180
Table 2.2 Classification based on hemolytic reaction of
Streptococci ............................................................. 183
Table 2.3 Comparison of streptolysin ...................................... 185
Table 2.4 Differentiation of streptococci species ..................... 192
Table 2.5 Comparison features of meningococcal meningitis and
meningococcemia ................................................... 219
Table 2.6 Comparison features of N.gonorrhea and N.
Meningitides ........................................................... 221
Table 2.7 Comparison between tuberculoid and lepromatous
Leprosy ........................................................... 267
Table 2.8 Hosts and vectors of medically impotant rickettsiae 283
Table 4.1 Characteristic of bacterial toxin ............................... 295
Table 4.2 Examples of food intoxication ................................. 317
Table 4.3 Examples of food infection ...................................... 317
Table 4.4 Causative agents and disease of genital infection .. 321
Table 4.5 Genital ulcer with or with out inguinal
Lymphadenopathy .................................................. 324
Table 4.6 Cerebrospinal fluid findings in meningitis ................ 330

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1Ultrastructure of bacteria ................................................ 13
Fig 1.2 Cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria . 14
Fig 1.3 Components of Bacterial flagellum ............................... 20
Fig 1.4 Flagellar arrangement ................................................... 21
Fig 1.5 Morphology bacteria ....................................................... 24
Fig 1.6 Inoculation technique .................................................... 43
Fig 1.7 Inoculation of solid culture media in petridishes ........... 44
Fig 1.8 Inoculation of slant and butt media ............................... 45
Fig 1.9 Inoculation of slant media ............................................. 46
Fig 1.10 Co2-enriched atmosphere ........................................... 47
Fig 1.11 Bacterial growth curve ................................................. 51
Fig 1.12 Bacterial chromosome ................................................ 86
Fig 1.13 Gene transfer by Transformation ................................ 89
Fig 1.14 Gene transfer by Transduction .................................... 90
Fig 1.15 Gene transfer by conjugation ...................................... 91
Fig 1.16 Antimicrobial sensitivity test media ........................... 111
Fig 3.1 Staphylococci .............................................................. 175
Fig 3.2 Streptococci ................................................................. 182
Fig 3.3 Streptococcus pneumoniae ......................................... 189
Fig 3.4 Neisseria gonorrhea .................................................... 214
Fig 3.5 Neisseria meningitides ................................................ 218
Fig 2.6 Spirochetes ................................................................. 273

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