ebook img

How Microgravity Affects the Biology of Living Systems PDF

281 Pages·2015·52.83 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview How Microgravity Affects the Biology of Living Systems

BioMed Research International How Microgravity Afects the Biology of Living Systems Guest Editors: Mariano Bizzarri, Monica Monici, and Jack J. W. A. van Loon How Microgravity Affects the Biology of Living Systems BioMed Research International How Microgravity Affects the Biology of Living Systems Guest Editors: Mariano Bizzarri, Monica Monici, and Jack J. W. A. van Loon Copyright © 2015 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. Tis is a special issue published in “BioMed Research International.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Contents HowMicrogravity Afects the Biology of Living Systems , Mariano Bizzarri, Monica Monici, and Jack J. W. A. van Loon Volume 2015, Article ID 863075, 4 pages Simulated Microgravity: Critical Review on the Use of Random Positioning Machines for Mammalian Cell Culture, Simon L. Wuest, Ste´phane Richard, Sascha Kopp, Daniela Grimm, and Marcel Egli Volume 2015, Article ID 971474, 8 pages Regulation of ICAM-1 in Cells of the Monocyte/Macrophage System in Microgravity, Katrin Paulsen, Svantje Tauber, Claudia Dumrese, Gesine Bradacs, Dana M. Simmet, Nadine Go¨lz, Swantje Hauschild, Christiane Raig, Stephanie Engeli, Annett Gutewort, Eva Hu¨rlimann, Josefne Biskup, Felix Unverdorben, Gabriela Rieder, Daniel Hofma¨nner, Lisa Mutschler, Sonja Krammer, Isabell Buttron, Claudia Philpot, Andreas Huge, Hartwin Lier, Ines Barz, Frank Engelmann, Liliana E. Layer, Cora S. Tiel, and Oliver Ullrich Volume 2015, Article ID 538786, 18 pages Genes Required for Survival in Microgravity Revealed by Genome-Wide Yeast Deletion Collections Cultured during Spacefight, Corey Nislow, Anna Y. Lee, Patricia L. Allen, Guri Giaever, Andrew Smith, Marinella Gebbia, Louis S. Stodieck, Jefrey S. Hammond, Holly H. Birdsall, and Timothy G. Hammond Volume 2015, Article ID 976458, 10 pages RhoGTPases as Key Players in Mammalian Cell Adaptation to Microgravity, Fiona Louis, Christophe Deroanne, Betty Nusgens, Laurence Vico, and Alain Guignandon Volume 2015, Article ID 747693, 17 pages A Tissue Retrieval and Postharvest Processing Regimen for Rodent Reproductive Tissues Compatible with Long-Term Storage on the International Space Station and Postfight Biospecimen Sharing Program, Vijayalaxmi Gupta, Lesya Holets-Bondar, Katherine F. Roby, George Enders, and Joseph S. Tash Volume 2015, Article ID 475935, 12 pages Large Artery Remodeling and Dynamics following Simulated Microgravity by Prolonged Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest in Humans, Carlo Palombo, Carmela Morizzo, Martino Baluci, Daniela Lucini, Stefano Ricci, Gianni Biolo, Piero Tortoli, and Michaela Kozakova Volume 2015, Article ID 342565, 7 pages Space Flight Efects on Antioxidant Molecules in Dry Tardigrades:Te TARDIKISS Experiment, Angela Maria Rizzo, Tiziana Altiero, Paola Antonia Corsetto, Gigliola Montorfano, Roberto Guidetti, and Lorena Rebecchi Volume 2015, Article ID 167642, 7 pages Identifcation of Reference Genes in HumanMyelomonocytic Cells for Gene Expression Studies in Altered Gravity, Cora S. Tiel, Swantje Hauschild, Svantje Tauber, Katrin Paulsen, Christiane Raig, Arnold Raem, Josefne Biskup, Annett Gutewort, Eva Hu¨rlimann, Felix Unverdorben, Isabell Buttron, Beatrice Lauber, Claudia Philpot, Hartwin Lier, Frank Engelmann, Liliana E. Layer, and Oliver Ullrich Volume 2015, Article ID 363575, 20 pages AWhole-GenomeMicroarray Study of Arabidopsis thaliana Semisolid Callus Cultures Exposed to Microgravity and Nonmicrogravity Related Spacefight Conditions for 5 Days on Board of Shenzhou 8, Svenja Fengler, Ina Spirer, Maren Neef, Margret Ecke, Kay Nieselt, and Ru¨diger Hampp Volume 2015, Article ID 547495, 15 pages RCCS Bioreactor-Based Modelled Microgravity Induces Signifcant Changes on In Vitro 3D Neuroglial Cell Cultures, Caterina Morabito, Nathalie Steimberg, Giovanna Mazzoleni, Simone Guarnieri, Giorgio Fano`-Illic, and Maria A. Mariggio` Volume 2015, Article ID 754283, 14 pages Te Impact of Microgravity and Hypergravity on Endothelial Cells, Jeanette A. M. Maier, Francesca Cialdai, Monica Monici, and Lucia Morbidelli Volume 2015, Article ID 434803, 13 pages A Functional Interplay between 5-Lipoxygenase and 𝜇-Calpain Afects Survival and Cytokine Profle of Human Jurkat T Lymphocyte Exposed to Simulated Microgravity, Valeria Gasperi, Cinzia Rapino, Natalia Battista, Monica Bari, Nicolina Mastrangelo, Silvia Angeletti, Enrico Dainese, and Mauro Maccarrone Volume 2014, Article ID 782390, 10 pages HowMicrogravity Changes Galectin-3 inTyroid Follicles, Elisabetta Albi, Francesco Curcio, Andrea Lazzarini, Alessandro Floridi, Samuela Cataldi, Remo Lazzarini, Elisabetta Loreti, Ivana Ferri, and Francesco Saverio Ambesi-Impiombato Volume 2014, Article ID 652863, 5 pages Te Infuence of Simulated Microgravity on Purinergic Signaling Is Diferent between Individual Culture and Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Coculture, Yu Zhang, Patrick Lau, Andreas Pansky, Matthias Kassack, Ruth Hemmersbach, and Edda Tobiasch Volume 2014, Article ID 413708, 11 pages Human Locomotion under Reduced Gravity Conditions: Biomechanical and Neurophysiological Considerations, Francesca Sylos-Labini, Francesco Lacquaniti, and Yuri P. Ivanenko Volume 2014, Article ID 547242, 12 pages Conditioned Media fromMicrovascular Endothelial Cells Cultured in Simulated Microgravity Inhibit Osteoblast Activity, Alessandra Cazzaniga, Sara Castiglioni, and Jeanette A. M. Maier Volume 2014, Article ID 857934, 9 pages Phenotypic Switch Induced by Simulated Microgravity on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells, Maria Grazia Masiello, Alessandra Cucina, Sara Proietti, Alessandro Palombo, Pierpaolo Coluccia, Fabrizio D’Anselmi, Simona Dinicola, Alessia Pasqualato, Veronica Morini, and Mariano Bizzarri Volume 2014, Article ID 652434, 12 pages Oxidative Stress and NO Signalling in the Root Apex as an Early Response to Changes in Gravity Conditions, Sergio Mugnai, Camilla Pandolf, Elisa Masi, Elisa Azzarello, Emanuela Monetti, Diego Comparini, Boris Voigt, Dieter Volkmann, and Stefano Mancuso Volume 2014, Article ID 834134, 10 pages Cytoskeleton Modifcations and Autophagy Induction in TCam-2 Seminoma Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity, Francesca Ferranti, Maria Caruso, Marcella Cammarota, Maria Grazia Masiello, Katia Corano Scheri, Cinzia Fabrizi, Lorenzo Fumagalli, Chiara Schiraldi, Alessandra Cucina, Angela Catizone, and Giulia Ricci Volume 2014, Article ID 904396, 14 pages Gravity Afects the Closure of the Traps in Dionaea muscipula, Camilla Pandolf, Elisa Masi, Boris Voigt, Sergio Mugnai, Dieter Volkmann, and Stefano Mancuso Volume 2014, Article ID 964203, 5 pages Te Impact of Simulated and Real Microgravity on Bone Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Claudia Ulbrich, Markus Wehland, Jessica Pietsch, Ganna Aleshcheva, Petra Wise, Jack van Loon, Nils Magnusson, Manfred Infanger, Jirka Grosse, Christoph Eilles, Alamelu Sundaresan, and Daniela Grimm Volume 2014, Article ID 928507, 15 pages Multisensory Integration and Internal Models for Sensing Gravity Efects in Primates, Francesco Lacquaniti, Gianfranco Bosco, Silvio Gravano, Iole Indovina, Barbara La Scaleia, Vincenzo Mafei, and Myrka Zago Volume 2014, Article ID 615854, 10 pages Integration Analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA Expression Profles in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Cultured in Modeled Microgravity, C. Girardi, C. De Pitta`, S. Casara, E. Calura, C. Romualdi, L. Celotti, and M. Mognato Volume 2014, Article ID 296747, 16 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 863075, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/863075 Editorial How Microgravity Affects the Biology of Living Systems 1 2 3 Mariano Bizzarri, Monica Monici, and Jack J. W. A. van Loon 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy 2 ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy 3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU-University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands Correspondence should be addressed to Mariano Bizzarri; 2 BioMed Research International near weightlessness may have a profound impact on living actin, microflaments, and microtubules [15, 16]. Disorga- processes. Namely, it seems that genes involved in ROS nization of basic cellular architecture can afect activities detoxifcation are especially impaired in such condition, ranging from cell signalling and migration to cell cycling and as reported by the paper from S. Fengler et al., therefore apoptosis. In this issue, K. Paulsen and colleagues investigated suggesting how relevant could be the role sustained by the how surface expression of ICAM-1 protein and expression redox status in counteracting at least some downstream of ICAM-1 mRNA in cells of the monocyte/macrophage consequences of microgravity. Yet, as reported in the article system change inmicrogravity. Given that ICAMproteins are of S. Mugnai et al., both nitric oxide and ROS are likely to essential for cell-to-cell adhesion as well as for cytoskeleton play a previously unrecognized role as messengers during the proper functioning, such results outline the involvement of gravitropic response inmany root tips. Relevance of oxidative the cytoskeleton system in mediating at least some efects processes during microgravity exposure was also reported by due to microgravity. Tat statement is further reinforced by the study of A. M. Rizzo et al., in which a signifcant increase the paper from F. Louis et al. in which dramatic decrease in oxidative stress has been observed in tardigrades exposed in RhoGTPases activity has been documented. RhoGTPases to spacefight. represent a unique hub for integration of biochemical and Cells may “sense” changes in the microgravitational feld mechanical signals. As such, they are probably very rapidly through (a) an indirect mechanism (mainly based on the involved in a cell’s adaptation to microgravity-related con- modifcation of physical properties of their microenviron- ditions. Additionally, RhoGTPases activity is tightly and ment); (b) the development of specialized structures for mechanistically bound to alterations of the cytoskeleton, the mechanical perception and transduction of gravitational adhesion, and fbrillogenesis as well as to an enhancement forces (like the cytoskeleton); and (c) changes in the dynamics of ROS delivery. As a result, RhoGTPases may be considered of enzymes kinetics or protein network self-assembly. It is true mechanosensitive switches responsible for cytoskeletal worth noting that the latter two processes are dramatically dynamics and cells commitment. Relevant modifcation of afected by nonequilibrium dynamics. Nonlinear dynamical the cytoskeleton architecture and microtubule organization processes far from equilibrium involve an appropriate com- in testicular cells has been also reported in the study by bination of reaction and difusion, and the pattern arising F. Ferranti et al., where a signifcant correlation between from those interactions is tightly infuenced by evenminimal cytoskeleton abnormalities induced by simulated micrograv- changes in reactant concentrations or modifcation in the ity and enhanced autophagy was recorded. Yet, cytoskeleton strength of the morphogenetic feld [10]. Processes of this changes afect diferent cell types, including endothelial cells. kind are called Turing or dissipative structures, given that a In the paper of J. Maier et al., it is shown that endothelial cells consumption of energy is required to drive and maintain the are highly sensitive to gravitational stress, as microgravity system far from equilibrium. Tat prerequisite is needed in leads to changes in the production and expression of vasoac- order to allow the system to promptly change its confgura- tive and infammatory mediators and adhesion molecules, tion, according to the system’s needs. In turn, the dissipative which mainly results from changes in the remodelling of the energy provides the thermodynamic driving force for the cytoskeleton and the distribution of caveolae. In addition, by self-organization processes. Some experimental evidence has keeping in mind that the cytoskeleton dynamics is a funda- already been provided that change of the gravitational feld mental player in cell proliferation and migration, it is not may signifcantly afect some nonlinear reactions occurring surprising that microgravity signifcantly afects the fytrap within cells and tissues [11, 12]. Herein, a further confrmation closure, a process involving not only the actin dynamics but is provided by the article of M. G. Masiello et al., in which also the ion channels and aquaporin activities, as evidenced the near weightlessness condition is shown to drive the in the article from C. Pandolf et al. systems towards diferent attractor states, thus enabling cells Cytoskeleton changes have also profound consequences to acquire new and unexpected phenotypes in the course on both cell shape and tissue modelling. Simulated near of a true phase transition [13]. According to such results, weightlessness in human volunteers is associated with a gravity seems to be an “inescapable” constraint that obliges signifcant change in arterial geometry, fow, stifness, and living beings to adopt only a few confgurations amongmany shear rate as documented by C. Palombo et al. Microgravity others. By “removing” the gravitational feld, living structures is acting on endothelial cells also through modulation of P2- will be free to recover more degrees of freedom, thus receptor and the release of several cytokines, as reported acquiring new phenotypes and new functions/properties. by the study from Y. Zhang et al. Given that P2-receptor Tat statement raises several crucial questions. Some of these artifcial ligands are applied as drugs, it is reasonable to entail fundamentals of theoretical biology, as they question assume that they might be promising candidates against the gene-centered paradigm, according to which biological the cardiovascular deconditioning the astronauts experience behavior can be explained by solely genetic mechanisms [14]. during spacefight. What are the mechanism(s) through which microgravity Overall the alterations occurring in microgravity have may so profoundly modify cell function and structure? undoubtedly signifcant backwashes on the physiological Several studies included in this issue deal with that topic, homeostasis of the whole organism. Such aspect is high- calling into the question the pivotal role sustained by the lighted by two papers from the group of F. Lacquaniti et al. cytoskeleton in mediating several microgravity-based efects. dealingwith the efects of nearweightlessness on nervous sys- A common outcome in nearly all cell types exposed to tem function. Gravity is indeed crucial for spatial perception, microgravity is indeed the alteration of cytoskeletal elements: postural equilibrium, and movement generation. Te brain BioMed Research International 3 may deal with the gravitational feld by integrating a wide performing conditions of simulated near weightlessness and array of diferent signals, thus enabling the system to trigger increased gravity.Tis is not a “one view fts all” approach. It is the most appropriate response. F. Lacquaniti et al. provide rather one to “let a hundred fowers bloom.” Yet, they provide compelling evidence that this ability depends on the fact that a fruitful overview on what is going to come from space gravity efects are stored in brain regions which integrate biomedicine research. Overall, studies reported in the issue visual, vestibular, and neck proprioceptive signals, where the demonstrated how relevant physical cues may be in shaping nervous system combines this information with an internal biological phenotypes and function, infuencing so in depth model of gravity efects. Te second study evidenced in molecular and genetic pathways. It is regrettable to notice turn the benefcial efect of the neurophysiologic adaptation that such infuences have been for so long overlooked by to near weightlessness and how knowledge acquired on the scientifcmainstream [20, 21]. Furthermore, microgravity this feld may even enhance the development of innovative studies forced us to develop new technological solutions and technologies for gait rehabilitation. more appropriate experimental models. Tereby, knowledge Research on microgravity and hypergravity efectively gathered in space research has ofered an invaluable support advances our knowledge on physiology and biochemistry, in understanding both human physiology and pathology, thus providing valuable data and models for the understand- fostering technological innovation and the development of ing for some important human diseases. Moreover, space- priceless medical and experimental devices. based research has played and presumably will continuously Tis is why it has been argued that the ultimate reason for play an important role in reformulating the theoretical human space exploration is precisely to enable us to discover framework in biology and physiology and may serve as a ourselves. Undoubtedly, the microgravity and space related novel paradigm for innovation. Namely, microgravity-related research present an unlimited horizon for investigation and research fostered the development of new tools-like for discovery. Controlled studies conducted in microgravity can culturing cells in three dimensions. It is now well understood advance our knowledge, providing amazing and unforeseen that 3D growth environments that facilitate unrestricted cell- insights into the biological mechanism underlying physiol- cell interactions are mandatory for defning the biology of ogy as well as many relevant diseases like cancer [22]. cancer cells and tissues, including tumour formation, tumour microenvironment, and tumour progression [17, 18]. Indeed, Mariano Bizzarri three-dimensional culture in real and simulatedmicrogravity Monica Monici allows a more precise appreciation of the role the biophysical Jack J. W. A. van Loon constraints play in shaping cell phenotypes and functions. In turn, such devices may help in improving tissue-engineering References techniques. Experimental models of cells/tissues cultures in both simulated and real microgravity need, however, [1] P. O. Montgomery Jr., J. E. Cook, R. C. Reynolds et al., “Te to be further improved in order to obtain more reliable response of single human cells to zero gravity,” In Vitro, vol. 14, and reproducible data and to minimize the impact of con- no. 2, pp. 165–173, 1978. founding factors. Such studies may indeed provide valu- [2] M. G. Tairbekov, G. P. Parfyonov, E. Y. Shepelev, and F. V. able information about modulations in signal transduction, Sushkov, “Experimental and theoretical analysis of the infuence cell adhesion, or extracellular matrix induced by altered of gravity at the cellular level: a review,” Advances in Space gravity conditions. Tese systems also facilitate the analysis Research, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 153–158, 1983. of the impact of growth factors, hormones, or drugs on [3] J. J. W. van Loon, “Te gravity environment in Space exper- these tissue-like constructs in order to better address issues iments,” in Biology in Space and Life on Earth. Efects of like pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Paradigmatic Spacefight on Biological Systems, E. Brinckmann, Ed., pp. 17–32, examples of such studies are reported in this issue by the Wiley-VCH, 2007. articles of several groups (C. Ulbrich et al.; C. Morabito [4] T. G. Hammond and J. M. Hammond, “Optimized suspen- et al.; V. Gupta et al.), some of which (S. L. Wuest et al.) sion culture: the rotating-wall vessel,” American Journal of critically reviewed the reliability of available technical tools Physiology—Renal Physiology, vol. 281, no. 1, pp. F12–F25, 2001. (like the Random Positioning Machine). Tese facilities may [5] P. Todd, “Gravity-dependent phenomena at the scale of the also allow investigating developmental and organogenesis single cell,” ASGSB Bulletin, vol. 2, pp. 95–113, 1989. processes. [6] L. E. Freed, R. Langer, I. Martin, N. R. Pellis, and G. Vunjak- Te motivation for this focussed issue of the Biomed Novakovic, “Tissue engineering of cartilage in space,” Proceed- Research International Journal is to take stock of the state of ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of research and identify possible areas for future development. America, vol. 94, no. 25, pp. 13885–13890, 1997. Tere is an urgent need for this, as the last comprehensive [7] J. Klein-Nulend, R. G. Bacabac, J. P. Veldhuijzen, and J. J. W. collection of studies devoted to space biomedicine research A. Van Loon, “Microgravity and bone cell mechanosensitivity,” dates back to the 90s [19]. Advances in Space Research, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1551–1559, 2003. As editors we have collected an eclectic mix of arti- [8] S. J. Pardo,M. J. Patel,M.C. Sykes et al., “Simulatedmicrogravity cles, provided by research groups fully involved in space using the Random Positioning Machine inhibits diferentiation biomedicine research and actively participating in studies and alters gene expression profles of 2T3 preosteoblasts,” carried out both on the International Space Station and American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 288, no. on the ground, by means of diferent techniques enabling 6, pp. C1211–C1221, 2005.

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.