History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity

515 Pages·2004·1.63 MB·English

by  Philip Schaff

History of the Christian Church, Volume IV:
Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073.
by
Philip Schaff
About History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D.
590-1073. by Philip Schaff
Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity.
A.D. 590-1073.
URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.html
Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893)
Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library
First Published: 1882
Source: Electronic Bible Society
Date Created: 2002-11-27
Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber)
Wendy Huang (Markup)
CCEL Subjects: All; History;
LC Call no: BR145.S3
LC Subjects: Christianity
History
History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff
Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073.
Table of Contents
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii
History of the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1
General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1
Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1
The Middle Age. Limits and General Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4
The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the
Slav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5
Genius of Mediaeval Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7
Periods of the Middle Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9
Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10
Character of Mediaeval Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11
The Britons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13
The Anglo-Saxons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 16
The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d.
595-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 18
Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21
Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 22
Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede. . . . . . . . . . p. 23
The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 26
The Irish Church after St. Patrick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 33
Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36
The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern. . . . . . . . . p. 38
St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 40
The Culdees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44
Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 45
Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes. . . . . . p. 47
Conversion of Clovis and the Franks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 49
Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent. . . . . . . . . . p. 51
German Missionaries before Boniface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54
Boniface, the Apostle of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 56
The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of
Fulda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60
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The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand,
and the Gospel-Harmony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62
Scandinavian Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64
The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66
The Christianization of Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 70
The Christianization of Norway and Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 72
General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74
Christian Missions among the Wends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 75
Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of
Moravia, Bohemia and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76
The Conversion of the Bulgarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79
The Conversion of the Magyars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80
The Christianization of Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82
Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84
Statistics and Chronological Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88
Position of Mohammedanism in Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 90
The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93
Life and Character of Mohammed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96
The Conquests of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101
The Koran, and the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103
The Mohammedan Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 109
Mohammedan Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112
Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism. . . . p. 115
The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120
General Literature on the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120
Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors
from Gregory I. to Leo XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 121
Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 136
Gregory and the Universal Episcopate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 141
The Writings of Gregory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 145
The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715. . . . . . . . . . . p. 147
From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148
Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and
the Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 149
Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 151
Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 159
Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 162
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The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas
I a.d. 814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 167
The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 169
Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 173
Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 175
The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 176
The Interference of Otho the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 181
The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d.
97-1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 184
Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d.
1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 188
The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their
Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190
Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190
The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin
Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 191
The Causes of Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 193
The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 195
Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 198
Fruitless Attempts at Reunion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200
Morals And Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202
General Character of Mediaeval Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 203
Clerical Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 205
Domestic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 207
Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208
Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 210
The Ordeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 212
The Torture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 215
Christian Charity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 219
Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224
Use of Convents in the Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224
St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 225
The Convent of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227
Church Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228
The Penitential Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228
Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict. . . p. 232
Penance and Indulgence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 234
Church And State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237
Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237
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Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073.
The Roman Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238
The Capitularies of Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240
English Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 241
Worship And Ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243
The Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243
The Sermon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245
Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 246
Latin Hymnody. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 256
Latin Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259
The Seven Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273
The Organ and the Bell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 274
The Worship of Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 276
The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories. . . . . . . . . . . p. 279
The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 283
The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council,
787. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 286
Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d.
842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 288
The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship. . . . . p. 289
Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin. . . . p. 292
Doctrinal Controversies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295
General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295
The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295
The Arguments for and against the Filioque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 300
The Monotheletic Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 303
The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304
History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 306
The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 308
The Heresy of Honorius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 310
Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 314
Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315
The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 316
History of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317
Doctrine of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 320
The Predestinarian Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 322
Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 324
Gottschalk and Hincmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 326
The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of
Semi-Augustinianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 327
The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 332
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The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 335
The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 336
The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 337
The Theory of Ratramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 338
The Berengar Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 341
Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 348
Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 349
Heretical Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354
The Paulicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354
The Euchites and other Sects in the East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357
The New Manichaeans in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 358
The State Of Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 360
Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 361
Learning in the Eastern Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 362
Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings. . . . . . . . . . p. 364
Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 370
Educational Efforts of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 372
Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald. . . . . p. 378
Alfred the Great, and Education in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 380
Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381
Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth
to the Twelfth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381
St. Maximus Confessor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 384
John of Damascus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 386
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 392
Simeon Metaphrastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 395
Oecumenius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396
Theophylact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396
Michael Psellus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 398
Euthymius Zigabenus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 399
Eustathius of Thessalonica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 400
Nicetas Acominatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402
Cassiodorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402
St. Gregory of Tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 405
St. Isidore of Seville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 407
The Venerable Bede (Baeda). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 412
Paul the Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 416
St. Paulinus of Aquileia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 418
Alcuin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 420
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St. Liudger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 425
Theodulph of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 427
St. Eigil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 429
Amalarius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 430
Einhard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 432
Smaragdus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 435
Jonas of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 436
Rabanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 437
Haymo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 446
Walahfrid Strabo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 447
Florus Magister, of Lyons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449
Servatus Lupus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 450
Druthmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 453
St. Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 454
Patramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 457
Hincmar of Rheims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 460
Johannes Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 466
Anastasius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 474
Ratherius of Verona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 475
Gerbert (Sylvester II.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 476
Fulbert of Chartres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 479
Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 481
St. Peter Damiani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 482
Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486
Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486
Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 487
Hebrew Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500
German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500
French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 506
viii
Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff
HISTORY
of the
CHRISTIAN CHURCH1
by
PHILIP SCHAFF
Christianus sum.                   Christiani nihil a me alienum puto
VOLUME IV.
MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY
From Gregory I to Gregory VII
A.D. 590–1073
HISTORY
of
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
FROM a. d. 590 TO 1517.
CHAPTER I.
General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History.
§ 1. Sources and Literature.
August Potthast: Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aoevi. Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des
Europäischen Mittelalters von 375–1500. Berlin, 1862. Supplement, 1868.
The mediaeval literature embraces four distinct branches;
1. The Romano-Germanic or Western Christian;
2. The Graeco-Byzantine or Eastern Christian;
3. The Talmudic and Rabbinical;
4. The Arabic and Mohammedan.
We notice here only the first and second; the other two will be mentioned in subdivisions as far as
they are connected with church history.
The Christian literature consists partly of documentary sources, partly of historical works. We
confine ourselves here to the most important works of a more general character. Books referring
to particular countries and sections of church history will be noticed in the progress of the
narrative.
I. Documentary Sources.
They are mostly in Latin—the official language of the Western Church,—and in Greek,—the
official language of the Eastern Church.
(1) For the history of missions: the letters and biographies of missionaries.
(2) For church polity and government: the official letters of popes, patriarchs, and bishops.
The documents of the papal court embrace (a) Regesta (registra), the transactions of the various
branches of the papal government from a.d. 1198–1572, deposited in the Vatican library,
and difficult of access. (b) Epistolae decretales, which constitute the basis of the Corpus
juris canonici, brought to a close in 1313. (c) The bulls (bulla, a seal or stamp of globular
form, though some derive it from boulhv, will, decree) and briefs (breve, a short, concise
1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This
material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner's
Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998.
Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff
summary), i.e., the official letters since the conclusion of the Canon law. They are of equal
authority, but the bulls differ from the briefs by their more solemn form. The bulls are
written on parchment, and sealed with a seal of lead or gold, which is stamped on one side
with the effigies of Peter and Paul, and on the other with the name of the reigning pope,
and attached to the instrument by a string; while the briefs are written on paper, sealed with
red wax, and impressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a boat.
(3) For the history of Christian life: the biographies of saints, the disciplinary canons of synods,
the ascetic literature.
(4) For worship and ceremonies: liturgies, hymns, homilies, works of architecture sculpture,
painting, poetry, music. The Gothic cathedrals are as striking embodiments of mediaeval
Christianity as the Egyptian pyramids are of the civilization of the Pharaohs.
(5) For theology and Christian learning: the works of the later fathers (beginning with Gregory
I.), schoolmen, mystics, and the forerunners of the Reformation.
II. Documentary Collections. Works of Mediaeval Writers.
(1) For the Oriental Church.
Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, opera Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, et al. Bonnae, 1828–’78,
50 vols. 8vo. Contains a complete history of the East-Roman Empire from the sixth
century to its fall. The chief writers are Zonaras, from the Creation to a.d. 1118; Nicetas,
from 1118 to 1206; Gregoras, from 1204 to 1359; Laonicus, from 1298 to 1463; Ducas,
from 1341 to 1462; Phrantzes, from 1401 to 1477.
J. A. Fabricius (d. 1736): Bibliotheca Graeca sive Notitia Scriptorum veterum Graecorum, 4th ed.,
by G. Chr. Harless, with additions. Hamburg, 1790–1811, 12 vols. A supplement by S. F. W.
Hoffmann: Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesammten Literatur der Griechen. Leipzig, 1838–’45,
3 vols.
(2) For the Westem Church.
Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum. Lugduni, 1677, 27 vols. fol.
Martene (d. 1739) and Durand (d. 1773): Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus, seu Collectio
Monumentorum, etc. Paris, 1717, 5 vols. fol. By the same: Veterum Scriptorum et
Monumentorum Collectio ampliss. Paris, 1724–’38, 9 vols. fol.
J. A. Fabricius: Bibliotheca Latina Mediae et Infimae AEtatis. Hamb. 1734, and with supplem.
1754, 6 vols. 4to.
Abbé Migne: Patralogiae Cursus Completus, sive Bibliotheca Universalis ... Patrum, etc. Paris,
1844–’66. The Latin series (1844–’55) has 221 vols. (4 vols. indices); the Greek series (1857–66)
has 166 vols. The Latin series, from tom. 80–217, contains the writers from Gregory the Great
to Innocent III. Reprints of older editions, and most valuable for completeness and convenience,
though lacking in critical accuracy.
Abbé Horay: Medii AEvi Bibliotheca Patristica ab anno MCCXVI usque ad Concilii Tridentini
Tempora. Paris, 1879 sqq. A continuation of Migne in the same style. The first 4 vols. contain
the Opera Honori III.
Joan. Domin. Mansi (archbishop of Lucca, d. 1769): Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima
Collectio. Florence and Venice 1759–1798, 31 vols. fol. The best collection down to 1509. A
new ed. (facsimile) publ. by Victor Palmé, Paris and Berlin 1884 sqq. Earlier collections of
Councils by Labbé and Cossart (1671–72, 18 vols), Colet (with the supplements of Mansi,
1728–52, 29 vols. fol.), and Hardouin (1715, 12 vols. fol.).
2