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Handbook of Parenting Volume 1 Children and Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Handbook of Parenting Volume 1 Children and Parenting i P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 ii P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Handbook of Parenting Second Edition Volume 1 Children and Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein National Institute of Child Health and Human Development LAWRENCEERLBAUMASSOCIATES,PUBLISHERS 2002 Mahwah,NewJersey London iii P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Editor: BillWebber EditorialAssistant: EricaKica CoverDesign: KathrynHoughtalingLacey TextbookProductionManager: PaulSmolenski Full-ServiceCompositor: TechBooks TextandCoverPrinter: HamiltonPrintingCompany Thisbookwastypesetin10/11.5pt.Times,Italic,Bold,BoldItalic. TheheadsweretypesetinHelvetica,Italic,Bold,BoldItalic. Copyright(cid:2)c 2002byLawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc Allrightreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedin anyform,byphotostat,microfilm,retrievalsystem,orany othermeans,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.,Publishers 10IndustrialAvenue Mahwah,NewJersey07430 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofparenting/editedbyMarcH.Bornstein.—2nded. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. Contents:v.1.Childrenandparenting—v.2.Biologyandecologyofparenting—v.3.Being andbecomingaparent—v.4.Socialconditionsandappliedparenting—v.5.practicalissues inparenting. ISBN0-8058-3778-7(hc:v.1:alk.paper)—ISBN0-8058-3779-5(hc:v.2:alk.paper)— ISBN0-8058-3780-9(hc:v.3:alk.paper)—ISBN0-8058-3781-7(hc:v.4:alk.paper)— ISBN0-8058-3782-5(hc:v.5:alk.paper) 1.Parenting. 2.Parents. I.Bornstein,MarcH. HQ755.8.H357 2002 649(cid:3).1—dc21 2001058458 BookspublishedbyLawrenceErlbaumAssociatesareprintedon acid-freepaper,andtheirbindingsarechosenforstrengthand durability. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 ForMarianandHaroldSackrowitz v P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 vi P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Contents of Volume 1: Children and Parenting Preface ix Foreword EdwardF.Zigler xiii Foreword JeromeKagan xvii ContentsofVolume2 xxi ContentsofVolume3 xxiii ContentsofVolume4 xxvii ContentsofVolume5 xxix AbouttheAuthorsinVolume1 xxxiii PARTI:PARENTINGCHILDRENANDOLDERPEOPLE Chapter 1 ParentingInfants MarcH.Bornstein 3 Chapter 2 ParentingToddlers CarolynPopeEdwardsandWen–LiLiu 45 Chapter 3 ParentingDuringMiddleChildhood W.AndrewCollins,StephanieD.Madsen, 73 andAmySusman-Stillman Chapter 4 ParentingAdolescents LaurenceSteinbergandJenniferS.Silk 103 vii P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 viii ContentsofVolume1 Chapter 5 Parent–ChildRelationshipsinAdulthoodandLaterYears StevenH.ZaritandDavidJ.Eggebeen 135 PARTII:PARENTINGCHILDRENOFVARYINGSTATUS Chapter 6 ParentingSiblings WyndolFurmanandRichardLanthier 165 Chapter 7 ParentingGirlsandBoys CampbellLeaper 189 Chapter 8 ParentingTwinsandtheGeneticsofParenting HughLyttonwithLinGallagher 227 Chapter 9 ChildTemperamentandParenting SamuelP.Putnam,AnnV.Sanson,andMaryK.Rothbart 255 Chapter10 ParentingandChildDevelopmentinAdoptiveFamilies DavidM.BrodzinskyandEllenPinderhughes 279 Chapter11 FosterParenting JeffreyHaugaardandCindyHazan 313 Chapter12 ParentingChildrenBornPreterm SusanGoldbergandBarbaraDiVitto 329 Chapter13 ParentingChildrenwithMentalRetardation RobertM.Hodapp 355 Chapter14 ParentsofAggressiveandWithdrawnChildren KennethH.RubinandKimB.Burgess 383 AuthorIndex AI-1 SubjectIndex SI-1 P1:FCN LE028A-FM(Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Preface ThisneweditionoftheHandbookofParentingappearsatatimethatismomentousinthehistory of parenting. The family generally, and parenting specifically, are today in a greater state of flux, question, and redefinition than perhaps ever before. We are witnessing the emergence of striking permutations on the theme of parenting: blended families, lesbian and gay parents, teen versus fiftiesfirst-timemomsanddads.Onecannotbutbeawedonthebiologicalfrontbytechnologythat nowrenderspostmenopausalwomencapableofchildbearingandwiththepossibilityofdesigning babies.Similarly,onthesociologicalfront,singleparenthoodisamodern-dayfactoflife,adult–child dependencyisontherise,andparentsareeverlesscertainoftheirroles,eveninthefaceofrising environmentalandinstitutionaldemandsthattheytakeincreasingresponsibilityfortheiroffspring. TheHandbookofParentingisconcernedwithallfacetsofparenting. Despitethefactthatmostpeoplebecomeparentsandeveryonewhohaseverlivedhashadparents, parenting remains a most mystifying subject. Who is ultimately responsible for parenting? Does parentingcomenaturally,ormustwelearnhowtoparent?Howdoparentsconceiveofparenting? Of childhood? What does it mean to parent a preterm baby, twins, or a child with a disability? To be a younger or an older parent, or one who is divorced, disabled, or drug abusing? What do theories in psychology (psychoanalysis, personality theory, and behavior genetics, for example) contributetoourunderstandingofparenting?Whatarethegoalsparentshaveforthemselves?For theirchildren?Whatarethefunctionsofparents’beliefs?Ofparents’behaviors?Whataccountsfor parents’ believing or behaving in similar ways? What accounts for all the attitudes and actions of parents that differ? How do children influence their parents? How do personality, knowledge, and worldviewaffectparenting?Howdosocialstatus,culture,andhistoryshapeparenthood?Howcan parentseffectivelyrelatetoschools,daycare,theirchildren’spediatricians? ThesearesomeofthequestionsaddressedinthissecondeditionoftheHandbookofParenting... forthisisabookonhowtoparentasmuchasitisoneonwhatbeingaparentisallabout. Put succinctly, parents create people. It is the entrusted and abiding task of parents to prepare theiroffspringforthephysical,psychosocial,andeconomicconditionsinwhichtheywilleventu- ally fare and, it is hoped, flourish. Amidst the many influences on child development, parents are the“finalcommonpathway”tochildren’sdevelopmentandstature,adjustmentandsuccess.Human socialinquiry—atleastsinceAthenianinterestinSpartanchildrearingpractices—hasalways,asa matter of course, included reports of parenting. Yet Freud opined that childrearing is one of three “impossible professions”—the other two being governing nations and psychoanalysis. And one encounters as many views as the number of people one asks about the relative merits of being an at-homeoraworkingmother,aboutwhetherdaycare,familycare,orparentcareisbestforachild, aboutwhethergoodparentingreflectsintuitionorexperience. ix