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Greening the Economy with Agriculture - Food and Agriculture PDF

288 Pages·2012·1.92 MB·English
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the E conomy with Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confédération suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Swiss Confederation E Food and agriculture organization oF the united nations - 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. All rights reserved. FAO encourages the reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2012 Photo Credits © FAO/R. Faidutti, © M. Marzot © FAO/R. Faidutti © FAO/T. Brekke © FAO/G. Napolitano © FAO/G. Bizzarri Preparation of this document This document has been prepared with the generous support of the Federal Office for Agriculture of Switzerland. The document includes a series of four working papers seeking to support discussions on the green economy of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) process. The draft papers were presented and discussed at an FAO/OECD Expert Meeting on Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA), held in Paris, France, 5-7 September 2011. This formed the basis of the GEA summary presented to, and endorsed by, the 143th Session of the FAO Council in November 2011. greening the economy with agriculture Extract from the FAO Council document CL 143/18: Status of preparation of FAO contributions to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development: Governance for Greening the Economy with Agriculture. Working Paper 1 gea - availability Food availability and natural resource use in a green economy context coordination: Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Natural Resources Management and Environment Department Writers: Martin Khor, Tristan Le Cotty, Cesare Pacini and Sabine Zileki (consultants) Working Paper 2 gea - access decent rural livelihoods and rights in a green economy environment coordination: Paolo Groppo, Natural Resources Management and Environment Department Writer: Catherine Hill (consultant) Working Paper 3 gea - stability stability of food security in a green economy environment coordination: Lesley Lipper, Economic and Social Department Writer: Paul McMahon (consultant) Working Paper 4 gea - utilization improving food systems for sustainable diets in a green economy coordination: Alexandre Meybeck, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department Writer: Ruth Raymond (consultant) Greening the Economy with Agriculture iii The preparation of Working Papers 1 to 4 resulted from the collaborative efforts of FAO staff in the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Forestry Department, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Economic and Social Department and Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, including: Mario Acunzo, Nadine Azzu, Caterina Batello, Anne Bogdanski, Sally Bunning, Barbara Burlingame, Jacop Burke, Gerard Ciparisse, Piero Conforti, Luisa Cruz, Renato Cumani, Julien Custot, Carlos Da Silva, Julien De Meyer, Sandro Dernini, Olivier Dubois, Marie-Aude Even, Thierry Facon, Lauren Flejzor, Nicole Franz, Pierre Gerber, Paolo Groppo, Vincent Gitz, Panagiotis Karfakis, Peter Kenmore, Mary Kenny, Yianna Lambrou, Andreanne Lavoie, Francesco Tubiello, Theodor Friedrich, David Hallam, Peter Kenmore, Walter Kollert, Dominique Lantieri, John Latham, Michael Macleod, Irini Maltsoglu, Alexandre Meybeck, Frank Mischler, Jamie Morrison, Noemi Nemes, David Neven, Daniela Ottaviani, Alexandra Röttger, John Ryder, Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Florence Tartanac, Brian Thompson, Heiner Thofern, Nick Van der Graaf, Robert Van Otterdijk, Margret Vidar and Rolf Willmann. The material presented in this document further benefited from the comments of the participants to the FAO/OECD Expert Meeting (see www.fao.org/nr/sustainability). In particular, constructive contributions and encouragements have been received from: Kwesi Atta-Krah (Bioversity International), Rajeev Baruah (BioRe), Svetlana Boincean (International Union of Workers), Cissokho Cheikh Mouhamady (ROPPA), Myrna Cunningham (UNFPII), Willy Douma (Hivos), David Edwards (Prince of Wales Sustainability), Tewolde Egziabher (Ethiopia), Moustafa Fouda (Egypt), Nikolai Fuchs (Nexus Foundation), Cristina Grandi (IFOAM), Niels Halberg (ICROFS), Hans Herren (Millennium Institute), Ulrich Hoffmann (UNCTAD), Parick Holden (Sustainable Food Trust), Teava Iro (Titikaveka Growers), Harriet Kuhnlein (McGill University), Aileen Kwa (South Centre), Juergern Matern (Metro), Sebastian Mathew (International Fishworkers Collective), Marcel Mazoyer (Agroparistech), Monique Mikhail (Oxfam), Aksel Naerstad (More and Better), Asad Naqvi (UNEP), Urs Niggli (FiBL), François Pythoud (Switzerland), Kung Wai Ong (CertAll Alliance) , Aldo Ravazzi (Italy), Luca Ruini (Barilla), Reyes Tirado (Greenpeace), Isobel Tomlinson (Soil Association), Sébastien Treyer (IDDRI), Gaëtan VanLonqueren (UN Right to Food), Edith vanWalsum (ILEA), Keith Wheeler (IUCN) and Darko Znaor. The GEA initiative was conceived and coordinated by Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, FAO. Greening the Economy with Agriculture iv Table of contents Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA) page 1 Working Paper 1 GEA - Availability Food availability and natural resource use, in a green economy context page 7 Working Paper 2 GEA - Access Decent rural livelihoods and rights in a green economy environment page 75 Working Paper 3 GEA - Stability Stability of food security in a green economy environment page 123 Working Paper 4 GEA - Utilization Improving food systems for sustainable diets in a green economy page 185 Greening the Economy with Agriculture v List of boxes Box 1. Women and labour in international trade ...........................................................................86 Box 2. Land acquisition in Africa......................................................................................................94 Box 3. Insurance schemes for smallholder farmers .....................................................................98 Box 4. Fisheries and land entitlements: diverse and complex regulations and norms .........100 Box 5. Local rights and local level participation in resource management: a case from Mozambique ....................................................................................................106 Box 6. Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security ........................107 Box 7. Burkina Faso farmers establish green jobs .....................................................................112 Box 8. Green jobs, green agriculture.............................................................................................114 Box 9. Factors affecting livelihood resilience for different household groups in Kenya ......138 Box 10. Price transmission – from global to local .........................................................................154 Box 11. Mitigating the food security risks of rising temperatures in rural Nicaragua ............162 Box 12. Transitioning to climate-smart agriculture to improve resilience ................................165 Box 13. National Biogas Programme, Viet Nam ............................................................................169 Box 14. The G20 and the AMIS system ...........................................................................................173 Box 15. Social safety net cash transfer programmes ..................................................................174 Box 16. Strengthening governance of food security and nutrition through CFS .....................180 Box 17. Linking and leveraging alternative sources of finance to support the GEA transition..............................................................................................182 Box 18. Linking farmers’ knowledge to plant breeding programmes ........................................183 Box 19. Food systems and food chains: definitions ......................................................................191 Box 20. The case of fish .....................................................................................................................201 Box 21. Reconnecting with food traditions ....................................................................................209 Box 22. Direct sales in the USA ........................................................................................................229 Box 23. Nakornchaisri Pummelo (Thailand) ...................................................................................232 Box 24. Private initiatives and public-private partnerships .........................................................237 Greening the Economy with Agriculture vi List of tables and figures Table 1. Annual long-term average renewable water resources and irrigation water withdrawal 2006/2050 .............................................................................................................20 Table 2. Consumption (availability) prospect ....................................................................................38 Table 3. Expected economic growth ..................................................................................................38 Table 4. Expected under-nourishment ...............................................................................................38 Table 5. Expected annual crop production growth ..........................................................................39 Table 6. Total arable land: past and projected ..................................................................................41 Table 7. Fertilizer consumption per hectare......................................................................................42 Table 8. Summary of regional needs and constraints .....................................................................51 Table 9. Key elements for a paradigm shift as identified by the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development ...................................................................118 Table 10. Action areas for addressing risk in food systems ...........................................................159 Figure 1. Regional share of change in global wheat production capacity in current cultivated land for rainfed cultivation at a global level at high and low input levels/management based on future climate projections (HadCM3-A2 model for 2050s) relative to reference climate data (1961–1990).....................................................................................49 Figure 2. Agro-ecosystems’ functional and structural properties and indicators .......................55 Figure 3. Number of undernourished in the world (1969-1971) .....................................................129 Figure 4. Monthly real food price (2002-2004=100) ..........................................................................129 Figure 5. Vulnerability of different groups to types of instability ...................................................134 Figure 6. Resilience Index by Livelihood Strategy Group in Kenya ..............................................138 Figure 7. Global distribution of risks associated with main agricultural production systems..146 Figure 8. Crude oil prices drive sugar prices....................................................................................147 Figure 9. LDC imports and exports of food (1961-2008) ...................................................................155 Figure 10. Education has the greatest impact on reducing vulnerability ......................................163 Greening the Economy with Agriculture vii Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA) G E A Introduction The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), through Resolution 64/236 of 24 December 2009, decided to organize the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3 to 6 June 2012 (UNCSD, also referred to as Rio+20). The two main stated themes decided by the UNGA for UNCSD are: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and the institutional framework for sustainable development. The preparatory process foresees three sessions of the preparatory Committee and three inter-sessional meetings. The Second Preparatory Committee of UNCSD, held in March 2011, has invited “Member States, the relevant United Nations system organizations, and relevant stakeholders to provide their inputs and contributions in writing by 1 November 2011 for inclusion in a compilation document to serve as basis for the preparation of the zero-draft of the outcome document”. Since May 2010, FAO’s active contribution to the preparatory process of UNCSD has resulted in the inclusion of food security among the priority areas under consideration. FAO is particularly contributing to shaping the green economy agenda of UNCSD by providing elements pertaining to its mandate. To this end, an analysis has been carried out on the interactions between the green economy and the food and agriculture sector, including opportunities and constraints. The Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA) Initiative seeks to contribute to the definition and implementation of the green economy, with a particular emphasis on food security. As part of this initiative, FAO organized broad stakeholder consultations through an FAO/UNCTAD/Biovision side event in New York on 8 March 2011, and a joint FAO/OECD Expert Meeting on Greening the Economy with Agriculture in Paris, France, 5 to 7 September 2011. An informal seminar was held with Permanent Representatives to FAO on 4 November 2011 to brief them on progress made thus far. GEA aims to promote a dialogue between the agriculture, forestry and fisheries constituencies and other partners, on sustainable development strategies, as well as the overall participation of food and agriculture stakeholders into the Rio+20 process and beyond, with a view to facilitating their access to the resources and institutional arrangements that will be put in place in order to effectively move towards sustainable development. By taking a proactive role in international, regional and national debates Greening the Economy with Agriculture 2

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