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Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. www.nap.edu Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Grant No. CMS-0229020 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. ISBN-10: 0-309-65331-2 0-309-10009-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-309-10009-0 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html COMMITTEE ON GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM: OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION Members JANE C. S. LONG, Chair, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California BERNARD AMADEI, University of Colorado, Boulder JEAN-PIERRE BARDET, University of Southern California, Los Angeles JOHN T. CHRISTIAN, Waban, Massachusetts STEVEN D. GLASER, University of California, Berkeley DEBORAH J. GOODINGS, University of Maryland, College Park EDWARD KAVAZANJIAN JR., Arizona State University, Tempe DAVID W. MAJOR, GeoSyntec Consultants Inc., Ontario, Canada JAMES K. MITCHELL, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg MARY M. POULTON, The University of Arizona, Tucson J. CARLOS SANTAMARINA, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Staff ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Director JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Financial Associate CAETLIN M. OFIESH, Research Assistant RADHIKA CHARI, Senior Project Assistant (until March 2004) AMANDA M. ROBERTS, Program Assistant (from July 2004) iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html COMMITTEE ON GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Members NICHOLAS SITAR, Chair, University of California, Berkeley SUSAN E. BURNS, University of Virginia, Charlottesville JOHN T. CHRISTIAN, Waban, Massachusetts KIM DE RUBERTIS, Cashmere, Washington THOMAS W. DOE, Golder Associates, Redmond, Washington JOANNE T. FREDRICH, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico LARRY W. LAKE, The University of Texas, Austin RAY E. MARTIN, Ray E. Martin, LLC, Ashland, Virginia MARY M. POULTON, The University of Arizona, Tucson DONALD W. STEEPLES, University of Kansas, Lawrence Staff SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Program Officer AMANDA M. ROBERTS, Program Assistant v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES Members GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair, University of Virginia, Charlottesville M. LEE ALLISON, Office of the Governor, Topeka, Kansas STEVEN R. BOHLEN, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Washington, D.C. ADAM M. DZIEWONSKI, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts KATHERINE H. FREEMAN, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park RHEA L. GRAHAM, New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Albuquerque ROBYN HANNIGAN, Arkansas State University, State University V. RAMA MURTHY, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis RAYMOND A. PRICE, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario MARK SCHAEFER, NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia BILLIE L. TURNER II, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts STEPHEN G. WELLS, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada THOMAS J. WILBANKS, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Staff ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Director ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Senior Program Officer DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer ANN G. FRAZIER, Program Officer SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Program Officer RONALD F. ABLER, Senior Scholar HEDY J. ROSSMEISSL, Senior Scholar VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative and Financial Associate JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Financial Associate TANJA E. PILZAK, Research Associate CAETLIN M. OFIESH, Research Assistant JAMES B. DAVIS, Program Assistant JARED P. ENO, Program Assistant AMANDA M. ROBERTS, Program Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html Acknowledgment of Reviewers his report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in T accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its pub- lished report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Braden Allenby, Arizona State University, Tempe Chris Breeds, Sub Terra, North Bend, Washington Corale Brierley, Brierley Consultancy LLC, Highlands Ranch, Colorado John Dunicliff, Geotechnical Instrumentation Consultant, Devon, England Henry Hatch, Former Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Oakton, Virginia Elvin R. Heiberg, III, Heiberg Associates, Arlington, Virginia Norbert Morgenstern, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM Acknowledgment of Reviewers Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclu- sions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by William Fisher, The University of Texas at Austin. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. viii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11558.html Preface he charge to this committee—to envision the future of geo- technology—is at once a grand challenge and a problem. In T many ways, geotechnology is a mature field having come to its majority in the last 50 years. Many serious problems have been solved. We know how to build strong foundations, safe dams, and stable roads and tunnels. We have a good understanding about the behavior and protection of groundwater, how to extract the petroleum resources, and develop a geothermal field. We understand quite a bit about the soil conditions that lead to liquefaction during an earthquake or make landslides likely. If there is a major problem, it is that the state of the practice worldwide does not match the state of the art. Even when the knowledge exists, economics or ignorance lead to harmful, suboptimal, and dangerous practice. People still build trailer parks on flood plains. Those of us who have been trained to this state of the art are trained to keep digging deeper (in the intellectual sense) and to refine and improve our understanding and methods. We are more tuned to what we still do not know and cannot yet do versus reflecting on how far we have come and how much we are now capable of compared to the past. Given the approaches and lexicons we are used to, we have a kind of Zeno’s paradox in moving forward. Each step forward is smaller than the last in comparison to the totality of progress ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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