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Forensic Psychology PDF

497 Pages·2010·4.61 MB·English
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✵ Forensic Psychology THIRD EDITION SOLOMON M. FULERO Sinclair College LAWRENCE S. WRIGHTSMAN Universityof Kansas,Emeritus Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates ForensicPsychology,ThirdEdition ©2009,2005Wadsworth,CengageLearning SolomonM.Fulero, ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright LawrenceS.Wrightsman hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformor Publisher:MicheleSordi byanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnot limitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web AssistantEditor:RachelGuzman distribution,informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrieval EditorialAssistant:TrinaTom systems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976 ManagingTechnology UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionof ProjectManager:AmyCohen thepublisher. 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EditorialProduction:MaryNoel CreativeDirector:RobHugel LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008920158 ArtDirector:VernonT.Boes ISBN-13:978-0-495-50649-2 PrintBuyer:KarenHunt PermissionsEditors:DonSchlotman, ISBN-10:0-495-50649-4 MollikaBasu Wadsworth ProductionService:SmithaPillai,Newgen 10DavisDrive CopyEditor:CarolynHaley Belmont,CA94002-3098 CoverDesigner:LisaDelgado USA CoverImages(toptobottom):pnc/ photodisc/GettyImages;pnc/photodisc/ CengageLearningisaleadingproviderofcustomizedlearning GettyImages;MasterFile solutionswithofficelocationsaroundtheglobe,includingSingapore, Compositor:Newgen theUnitedKingdom,Australia,Mexico,Brazil,andJapan.Locateyour localofficeatinternational.cengage.com/region. CengageLearningproductsarerepresentedinCanadabyNelson Education,Ltd. Foryourcourseandlearningsolutions,visitacademic.cengage.com. Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestoreoratour preferredonlinestorewww.ichapters.com. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 ✵ Brief Contents PREFACE xvi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix Chapter1 ForensicPsychology 1 Chapter2 ForensicPsychologists 26 Chapter3 PsychologyandLawEnforcement 52 Chapter4 Techniques ofCriminal Investigation 78 Chapter5 Insanity andCompetency 111 Chapter6 From Dangerousnessto RiskAssessment 132 Chapter7 “Syndrome”Evidence 147 Chapter8 ChildSexual Abuse 180 Chapter9 ChildCustodyandRelatedDecisions 198 Chapter10 ImprovingEyewitness Identification Procedures 221 Chapter11 Interrogations andConfessions 245 Chapter12 TrialConsultation 277 Chapter13 Discrimination 307 Chapter14 SexualHarassment 330 Chapter15 DeathPenaltyTrialsandAppeals 345 Chapter16 InfluencingPublicPolicy 376 REFERENCES 397 INDEX 446 iii ✵ Contents PREFACE xvi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix 1 Forensic Psychology 1 What Is Forensic Psychology? 1 History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law 5 The Applied Side 5 The Academic Side: The Role of Hugo Münsterberg 6 Reaction from the Legal Community 8 A Period of Inactivity 9 Resurgence in the 1970s 9 The Present 11 Conflicts Between Psychology and the Law 11 Laws and Values 12 What Determines “Truth”? 13 The Nature of Reality 16 The Legal System’s Criticisms of Psychology 17 Two Illustrative Court Decisions 18 The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law 23 Summary 24 Key Terms 25 Suggested Readings 25 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v 2 Forensic Psychologists 26 The Multitude of Forensic Psychology Roles and Activities 26 Specific Roles: Researcher 27 Specific Roles: Consultant to Law Enforcement 28 Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant 28 Specific Roles: Forensic Evaluator and Expert Witness 30 Evaluation and Assessment 30 Expert Witnessing 31 Specific Roles: Presentation of Psychology to Appellate Courts and Legislatures 41 The Temptations of Forensic Psychology 47 Promising Too Much 48 Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity 48 Letting Values Overcome Empirical Findings 49 Doing a Cursory Job 49 Summary 50 Key Terms 50 Suggested Readings 50 3 Psychology and Law Enforcement 52 Who Are the Clienteles? 53 The Public 53 The Police Department 56 The Selection of Police 56 A History of Psychology and Police Selection 57 Tools for Psychological Selection 57 The Training of Police 66 Activities of a Psychologist in a Police Department 66 The Curriculum of Training Programs 67 On-the-Job Training 68 Specialized Training 68 Evaluating Effectiveness of Police Activities 73 Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations 73 Community Policing 74 Summary 76 Key Terms 76 Suggested Readings 77 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 Techniques of Criminal Investigation 78 Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology 79 Why Develop Criminal Profiles? 81 Definitions and Recurring Mysteries 81 False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions 82 The D.C. Sniper Case 83 What Is Criminal Profiling? 83 Definitions 83 Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling 84 Procedures Used in Criminal Profiling 88 Crime Scene Analysis and the Generation of Psychological Profiles 88 How Effective Is Criminal Profiling? 91 Are Professional Profilers Better? 92 An Evaluation of Profiling 93 Psychological Autopsies 94 Guidelines 95 A Specific Case 95 Hypnosis in Criminal Investigations 97 Advocacy: Martin Reiser’s Position 97 The Hillside Strangler Case 98 Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims 98 Research Reviews 99 Conclusions 99 Court Decisions 100 Guidelines 100 The Polygraph Technique 101 Use of the Polygraph in Interrogation 101 A Psychological Analysis 102 Research Evaluation 103 Criticisms of the Polygraph 104 The Current Legal Status 105 The Role of the Forensic Psychologist 106 Summary 107 Key Terms 108 Suggested Readings 109 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii 5 Insanity and Competency 111 Insanity Determination 111 The Difficulty in Determining Insanity 112 Insanity Versus Psychosis 112 The Psychologist’s Roles in Insanity Cases 116 Assessment of Criminal Responsibility 116 Testifying as an Expert Witness 117 Assessing Competency 122 Competency to Plead Guilty 122 Competency to Stand Trial 123 Competency of Juveniles 127 Malingering 128 Summary 129 Key Terms 130 Suggested Readings 130 6 From Dangerousness to Risk Assessment 132 Risk Assessment and Predictions of Dangerousness 133 The “First Generation” of Research 133 Movement from Prediction of Dangerousness to Risk Assessment 135 Prediction of Violence 136 Prediction of Sexual Offending 138 Prediction of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse 140 Domestic Violence 140 Child Abuse 142 Prediction of Suicide 142 The Debate over the Superiority of Actuarial versus Clinical Prediction 143 Summary 144 Key Terms 145 Suggested Readings 145 7 “Syndrome” Evidence 147 The Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) 148 What Is a Syndrome? 148 Components of the Battered Woman Syndrome 150 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS The Relationship of BWS to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 151 Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS 151 The BWS in Court 153 Battered Women Who Kill 153 Possible Defenses 154 The Use of a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on the Battered Woman Syndrome 157 Reasons for Use of the Expert Witness 158 Cross-Examination 160 Procedural and Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Expert Witnesses 160 Admissibility of Expert Testimony on BWS 160 The Stance of the Expert Witness—Objectivity or Advocacy? 161 Jurors’ Reactions to BWS as a Part of Defense Evidence 161 Criticisms of the Use of the Battered Woman Syndrome and the Battered Woman Defense 162 Defense of Women at Trial 163 Perpetuating the Battered Woman Stereotype: The Passive, Helpless Woman 163 The Scientific Validity of the Battered Woman Syndrome 163 The Rape Trauma Syndrome 164 What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome? 164 Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase 166 Phase II: Long-Term Reactions 167 The Relationship of RTS to PTSD 168 What Can a Psychologist Do? 169 Assessment 169 Testimony as an Expert Witness 170 Admissibility of Psychological Testimony on RTS 171 The Status of Research on RETS 174 Substituting PTSD for RTS 175 Postpartum Depression and Premenstrual Syndrome 175 Postpartum Depression 175 Premenstrual Syndrome 177 Summary 177 Key Terms 178 Suggested Readings 179 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 8 Child Sexual Abuse 180 The McMartin Preschool Case 180 The Charges and the Trials 181 The Issue 181 Roles for Psychologists 181 Evaluating the Child 182 Assessing Competency to Testify 182 Preparing the Child to Testify 182 Testifying as an Expert Witness 182 Assessing Allegations by the Child 183 Interviewing Techniques 183 Using the Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique 185 Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls 186 Suggestions for Improving Procedures 188 Determining if the Child Is Competent to Testify 189 Children’s Rights when Testifying 190 Psychologists as Expert Witnesses 192 Types of Testimony for the Prosecution 192 Testimony for the Defense 194 Summary 195 Key Terms 196 Suggested Readings 196 9 Child Custody and Related Decisions 198 What Roles Can Psychologists Play? 200 Marriage Counselor 200 Mediator 200 Child Therapist 201 Court-Appointed Evaluator 202 Expert Witness 203 Applied Researcher 204 What Do Clienteles Want? 204 The Children 204 The Parents 204 The Judge 204 The Court-Appointed Evaluator 205 Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes 205

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